2026-04-24 21:38:40
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The race to build smarter AI models is getting tighter at the top.
This visualization, part of Visual Capitalist’s AI Week, sponsored by Terzo, ranks leading systems using data from TrackingAI, which benchmarks models on the Mensa Norway IQ test as of April 2026.
The results show both who leads today and how little now separates the top contenders, with multiple frontier models clustered near the top of the leaderboard.
The ranking offers a snapshot of how today’s leading AI models perform on abstract pattern-recognition tasks, and just how close the race has become.
As the table below shows, only a small gap now separates the top models:
| Model | Mensa Norway IQ (April 2026) |
|---|---|
| Grok-4.20 Expert Mode | 145 |
| OpenAI GPT 5.4 Pro (Vision) | 145 |
| Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview | 141 |
| OpenAI GPT 5.4 Thinking (Vision) | 139 |
| OpenAI GPT 5.3 | 136 |
| Grok-4.20 Expert Mode (Vision) | 133 |
| OpenAI GPT 5.4 Thinking | 133 |
| Meta Muse Spark | 133 |
| Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview (Vision) | 132 |
| Qwen 3.5 | 130 |
| Claude-4.6 Opus | 130 |
| Kimi K2.5 | 127 |
| Manus | 115 |
| DeepSeek R1 | 112 |
| DeepSeek V3 | 111 |
| Gemini 3.1 Flash Preview | 110 |
| Llama 4 Maverick | 110 |
| OpenAI GPT 5.3 (Vision) | 109 |
| Claude-4.6 Sonnet | 106 |
| Bing Copilot | 101 |
| Perplexity | 97 |
| Mistral Medium 3.1 | 96 |
| Claude-4.6 Sonnet (Vision) | 94 |
| Claude-4.6 Opus (Vision) | 82 |
| Llama 4 Maverick (Vision) | 79 |
| OpenAI GPT 5.4 Pro | 73 |
The biggest takeaway is how compressed the top of the leaderboard has become. Grok-4.20 Expert Mode and OpenAI GPT 5.4 Pro (Vision) are tied for first at 145, while Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview follows closely at 141.
That narrow spread suggests frontier AI models are increasingly converging at the top, where a difference of just a few points can shift the rankings.
The gains from 2025 are also notable. Last year’s top score was 135, compared with 145 in this year’s results, highlighting the speed at which leading models are improving on this benchmark.
Not all models are keeping pace. Among major AI developers, Mistral’s top model ranks lowest in this dataset, scoring 97—well below the leading group.
TrackingAI uses the public Mensa Norway test, a set of 35 visual-pattern puzzles. For non-vision models, the questions are verbalized, while vision models receive the original images directly.
As a result, these results are best understood as a benchmark comparison—not a definitive measure of overall intelligence. Because the test is fundamentally visual, model scores can vary depending on how the questions are presented.
TrackingAI’s leaderboard is useful because it offers a simple, familiar way to compare reasoning performance over time. The site also notes that if a model refuses to answer, it is asked the same question up to 10 times, and the most recent answer is used for scoring.
Still, an IQ-style benchmark captures only one slice of capability. It does not measure everything that matters in real-world AI use, such as coding ability, factual reliability, tool use, or performance in professional domains.
If you enjoyed today’s post, check out Global AI Adoption on Voronoi.
2026-04-24 19:11:08
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Gas prices vary dramatically across the globe, with some drivers paying over 170x more per gallon than others.
This map shows gasoline prices in 170 countries as of April 2026, based on data from GlobalPetrolPrices. The global average sits at $5.58 per gallon, in the middle of a massive range from $0.09 in Libya to $15.65 in Hong Kong.
In oil-rich countries like Libya and Iran, fuel is heavily subsidized, making it cheaper than bottled water in some cases. Meanwhile, dense, import-dependent regions like Hong Kong face the highest prices in the world.
Libya tops the list at just $0.09 per gallon, followed by Iran and Venezuela, all below $0.15.
In these countries, governments often subsidize fuel to maintain political stability and support domestic consumption. In Libya, gasoline is even cheaper than bottled water.
| Rank | Country | Price (USD/gal) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Libya |
$0.09 |
| 2 |
Iran |
$0.11 |
| 3 |
Venezuela |
$0.13 |
| 4 |
Angola |
$1.24 |
| 5 |
Kuwait |
$1.28 |
| 6 |
Algeria |
$1.34 |
| 7 |
Turkmenistan |
$1.62 |
| 8 |
Egypt |
$1.66 |
| 9 |
Kazakhstan |
$1.99 |
| 10 |
Qatar |
$2.13 |
| 11 |
Saudi Arabia |
$2.35 |
| 12 |
Oman |
$2.35 |
| 13 |
Iraq |
$2.46 |
| 14 |
Bahrain |
$2.54 |
| 15 |
Azerbaijan |
$2.56 |
| 16 |
Sudan |
$2.65 |
| 17 |
Indonesia |
$2.75 |
| 18 |
Ecuador |
$2.89 |
| 19 |
Tunisia |
$3.25 |
| 20 |
Russia |
$3.26 |
| 21 |
Niger |
$3.32 |
| 22 |
Nigeria |
$3.36 |
| 23 |
UAE |
$3.38 |
| 24 |
Ethiopia |
$3.41 |
| 25 |
Belarus |
$3.44 |
| 26 |
Bhutan |
$3.47 |
| 27 |
Kyrgyzstan |
$3.51 |
| 28 |
Guyana |
$3.52 |
| 29 |
Afghanistan |
$3.61 |
| 30 |
Syria |
$3.62 |
| 31 |
Malaysia |
$3.63 |
| 32 |
Bangladesh |
$3.68 |
| 33 |
Bolivia |
$3.82 |
| 34 |
Uzbekistan |
$3.83 |
| 35 |
Maldives |
$3.92 |
| 36 |
Vietnam |
$3.94 |
| 37 |
Gabon |
$3.97 |
| 38 |
DR Congo |
$3.98 |
| 39 |
Taiwan |
$4.02 |
| 40 |
India |
$4.12 |
| 41 |
Colombia |
$4.21 |
| 42 |
Japan |
$4.22 |
| 43 |
Paraguay |
$4.23 |
| 44 |
El Salvador |
$4.30 |
| 45 |
Trinidad & Tobago |
$4.32 |
| 46 |
Swaziland |
$4.36 |
| 47 |
United States |
$4.45 |
| 48 |
Madagascar |
$4.45 |
| 49 |
Togo |
$4.53 |
| 50 |
Lebanon |
$4.57 |
| 51 |
Curacao |
$4.58 |
| 52 |
Benin |
$4.63 |
| 53 |
Puerto Rico |
$4.66 |
| 54 |
Grenada |
$4.68 |
| 55 |
Mauritius |
$4.71 |
| 56 |
Panama |
$4.75 |
| 57 |
Suriname |
$4.89 |
| 58 |
Cuba |
$4.90 |
| 59 |
Saint Lucia |
$4.93 |
| 60 |
Ghana |
$4.93 |
| 61 |
Namibia |
$4.95 |
| 62 |
Mozambique |
$4.95 |
| 63 |
Honduras |
$4.95 |
| 64 |
Brazil |
$4.97 |
| 65 |
Fiji |
$4.98 |
| 66 |
Botswana |
$5.01 |
| 67 |
Dominican Republic |
$5.02 |
| 68 |
Armenia |
$5.03 |
| 69 |
Georgia |
$5.03 |
| 70 |
Nicaragua |
$5.05 |
| 71 |
China |
$5.08 |
| 72 |
Burundi |
$5.10 |
| 73 |
Pakistan |
$5.13 |
| 74 |
Nepal |
$5.14 |
| 75 |
Jamaica |
$5.15 |
| 76 |
Kenya |
$5.16 |
| 77 |
South Africa |
$5.16 |
| 78 |
Liberia |
$5.16 |
| 79 |
Costa Rica |
$5.17 |
| 80 |
Guinea |
$5.18 |
| 81 |
Aruba |
$5.21 |
| 82 |
Lesotho |
$5.22 |
| 83 |
Seychelles |
$5.30 |
| 84 |
Zambia |
$5.30 |
| 85 |
Turkey |
$5.31 |
| 86 |
Uganda |
$5.33 |
| 87 |
Mongolia |
$5.41 |
| 88 |
Guatemala |
$5.44 |
| 89 |
South Korea |
$5.45 |
| 90 |
Sri Lanka |
$5.46 |
| 91 |
Ivory Coast |
$5.46 |
| 92 |
Haiti |
$5.53 |
| 93 |
Cape Verde |
$5.54 |
| 94 |
Bahamas |
$5.54 |
| 95 |
Tanzania |
$5.56 |
| 96 |
Australia |
$5.57 |
| 97 |
Cameroon |
$5.60 |
| 98 |
Burkina Faso |
$5.66 |
| 99 |
Canada |
$5.67 |
| 100 |
Myanmar |
$5.75 |
| 101 |
Argentina |
$5.76 |
| 102 |
Cayman Islands |
$5.79 |
| 103 |
Dominica |
$5.80 |
| 104 |
Mali |
$5.83 |
| 105 |
Malta |
$5.88 |
| 106 |
North Macedonia |
$5.95 |
| 107 |
Philippines |
$5.96 |
| 108 |
Rwanda |
$5.97 |
| 109 |
Mexico |
$5.99 |
| 110 |
Senegal |
$6.13 |
| 111 |
Peru |
$6.16 |
| 112 |
Morocco |
$6.22 |
| 113 |
Thailand |
$6.24 |
| 114 |
Chile |
$6.24 |
| 115 |
Cambodia |
$6.28 |
| 116 |
Bosnia & Herzegovina |
$6.35 |
| 117 |
Bulgaria |
$6.39 |
| 118 |
Jordan |
$6.41 |
| 119 |
Moldova |
$6.48 |
| 120 |
Ukraine |
$6.55 |
| 121 |
Cyprus |
$6.64 |
| 122 |
Sierra Leone |
$6.73 |
| 123 |
San Marino |
$6.81 |
| 124 |
Hungary |
$6.86 |
| 125 |
Spain |
$6.88 |
| 126 |
Slovakia |
$6.92 |
| 127 |
Andorra |
$6.96 |
| 128 |
Montenegro |
$6.98 |
| 129 |
Central African Republic |
$7.00 |
| 130 |
Barbados |
$7.01 |
| 131 |
Wallis & Futuna |
$7.02 |
| 132 |
Iceland |
$7.02 |
| 133 |
Serbia |
$7.07 |
| 134 |
Slovenia |
$7.10 |
| 135 |
Laos |
$7.17 |
| 136 |
Belize |
$7.27 |
| 137 |
Croatia |
$7.38 |
| 138 |
Poland |
$7.41 |
| 139 |
Czech Republic |
$7.42 |
| 140 |
UK |
$7.49 |
| 141 |
Estonia |
$7.57 |
| 142 |
New Zealand |
$7.61 |
| 143 |
Lithuania |
$7.64 |
| 144 |
Uruguay |
$7.67 |
| 145 |
Luxembourg |
$7.72 |
| 146 |
Sweden |
$7.79 |
| 147 |
Austria |
$7.85 |
| 148 |
Italy |
$7.85 |
| 149 |
Romania |
$7.91 |
| 150 |
Latvia |
$8.07 |
| 151 |
Belgium |
$8.23 |
| 152 |
Norway |
$8.26 |
| 153 |
Zimbabwe |
$8.44 |
| 154 |
Portugal |
$8.51 |
| 155 |
Ireland |
$8.60 |
| 156 |
Mayotte |
$8.65 |
| 157 |
France |
$8.75 |
| 158 |
Switzerland |
$8.89 |
| 159 |
Finland |
$8.94 |
| 160 |
Albania |
$9.10 |
| 161 |
Greece |
$9.10 |
| 162 |
Singapore |
$9.11 |
| 163 |
Liechtenstein |
$9.40 |
| 164 |
Germany |
$9.57 |
| 165 |
Monaco |
$9.73 |
| 166 |
Israel |
$10.00 |
| 167 |
Denmark |
$10.20 |
| 168 |
Netherlands |
$10.26 |
| 169 |
Malawi |
$14.56 |
| 170 |
Hong Kong |
$15.65 |
| -- |
World Average |
$5.58 |
In the United States, gasoline prices sit close to the global average at about $4.45 per gallon in 2026. This relatively moderate pricing reflects a balance between domestic oil production and comparatively low fuel taxes versus Europe. While the U.S. is one of the world’s largest oil producers, prices still fluctuate with global crude markets and refining capacity.
In contrast, the most expensive gasoline is found in high-income, import-dependent regions. Hong Kong leads globally at $15.65 per gallon, followed by European countries like the Netherlands and Denmark, as well as countries such as Malawi and Israel.
One of the clearest ways to understand global price gaps is purchasing power at the pump—how far the same amount of money takes you.
In Libya, $10 can buy enough gasoline to travel roughly 3,885 miles. In Hong Kong, that same amount covers just 22 miles.
If you enjoyed today’s post, check out Gasoline Price Changes Since the Start of the Iran War on Voronoi, the new app from Visual Capitalist.
2026-04-24 12:51:43
The global trade in European antiques is dominated by a few key players on both sides of the market.
France leads exports by a wide margin, while the United States is the largest destination for these goods.
Based on UN Comtrade data and visualized by The European Correspondent, this flow chart shows how antiques, defined here as objects over 100 years old, move from European sellers to buyers around the world.
Here are the top exporters of European antiquities by value:
| Top Exporters | Trade Value (USD) | Market Share (%) |
|---|---|---|
France |
$139M | 58% |
Germany |
$28M | 12% |
Netherlands |
$15M | 6% |
Austria |
$14M | 6% |
Belgium |
$14M | 6% |
Others EU |
$30M | 12% |
France is the clear leader in Europe’s antique export market, accounting for 58% of total exports at $139 million, more than all other countries combined.
This dominance reflects several structural advantages. Paris remains one of the world’s top auction hubs, with a dense network of galleries, dealers, and auction houses that facilitate global sales. France also holds a vast inventory of cultural assets, from fine art and furniture to rare collectibles built over centuries of artistic and political influence.
Other European countries like Germany, the Netherlands, and Austria participate in the market, but at a much smaller scale. Their comparatively limited export values highlight how concentrated the supply side is, with France acting as the primary gateway for European heritage entering global markets.
Here are the top importers of European antiquities:
| Top Importers | Trade Value (USD) | Market Share (%) |
|---|---|---|
United States |
$105M | 44% |
UK |
$48M | 20% |
Intra-EU |
$26M | 11% |
China / Hong Kong |
$25M | 10% |
Switzerland |
$15M | 6% |
Other |
$21M | 9% |
The United States leads by a wide margin, importing $105 million worth of antiques, or 44% of the total. The UK ranks second, followed by intra-EU trade and Asian markets like China and Hong Kong.
This aligns with broader trends in the global art market. American collectors and institutions remain key drivers of demand for cultural assets.
Meanwhile, policy changes, such as evolving tariffs on antiques and auction items, could influence future flows. While many antiques have historically benefited from favorable trade treatment, shifts in regulation may affect both buyers and sellers in the coming years.
2026-04-24 00:48:35
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Anthropic is rapidly closing the gap with OpenAI in the race for paid AI adoption among U.S. businesses.
As of March 2026, 35% of companies pay for OpenAI’s models, compared to 30% for Anthropic—a sharp shift from early 2025, when the gap was nearly three times wider. The change highlights how quickly enterprise demand is consolidating around a small number of AI providers.
This chart, a part of Visual Capitalist’s AI Week sponsored by Terzo, uses anonymized spend data from over 50,000 U.S. businesses on the Ramp platform, capturing only paid subscriptions and excluding free-tier usage.
OpenAI remains the most widely paid-for AI provider among U.S. businesses, reaching 35.2% of companies in March 2026. Anthropic sits just behind at 30.6%—a gap of only 4.5 percentage points.
The data table below shows the share of U.S. businesses paying for AI models from different providers from January 2023 to March of 2026:
| Share of U.S. Businesses Paying for an AI Subscription | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | OpenAI | Anthropic | xAI | |
| 1/1/2023 | 0.4% | 0.0% | 1.7% | 0.0% |
| 2/1/2023 | 1.5% | 0.0% | 1.6% | 0.0% |
| 3/1/2023 | 3.6% | 0.0% | 1.7% | 0.0% |
| 4/1/2023 | 5.7% | 0.0% | 1.8% | 0.0% |
| 5/1/2023 | 6.1% | 0.0% | 1.8% | 0.0% |
| 6/1/2023 | 5.9% | 0.0% | 1.9% | 0.0% |
| 7/1/2023 | 6.8% | 0.1% | 1.7% | 0.0% |
| 8/1/2023 | 7.2% | 0.1% | 1.7% | 0.0% |
| 9/1/2023 | 7.8% | 0.2% | 1.8% | 0.0% |
| 10/1/2023 | 8.1% | 0.3% | 1.8% | 0.0% |
| 11/1/2023 | 8.2% | 0.2% | 2.4% | 0.0% |
| 12/1/2023 | 9.3% | 0.3% | 2.4% | 0.0% |
| 1/1/2024 | 10.2% | 0.4% | 2.5% | 0.0% |
| 2/1/2024 | 10.2% | 0.4% | 2.6% | 0.0% |
| 3/1/2024 | 11.0% | 1.2% | 3.0% | 0.0% |
| 4/1/2024 | 10.6% | 1.4% | 3.3% | 0.0% |
| 5/1/2024 | 11.3% | 1.4% | 3.4% | 0.0% |
| 6/1/2024 | 11.0% | 1.5% | 3.2% | 0.0% |
| 7/1/2024 | 11.8% | 2.3% | 3.4% | 0.0% |
| 8/1/2024 | 12.5% | 2.5% | 3.5% | 0.0% |
| 9/1/2024 | 12.7% | 2.7% | 3.6% | 0.0% |
| 10/1/2024 | 13.7% | 3.0% | 3.7% | 0.0% |
| 11/1/2024 | 13.4% | 3.2% | 3.9% | 0.0% |
| 12/1/2024 | 14.8% | 3.6% | 4.0% | 0.0% |
| 1/1/2025 | 16.8% | 4.1% | 4.2% | 0.0% |
| 2/1/2025 | 18.2% | 4.4% | 4.2% | 0.2% |
| 3/1/2025 | 26.4% | 7.0% | 2.5% | 0.4% |
| 4/1/2025 | 32.0% | 7.9% | 3.2% | 0.5% |
| 5/1/2025 | 33.6% | 8.9% | 4.3% | 0.5% |
| 6/1/2025 | 33.4% | 9.6% | 4.0% | 0.6% |
| 7/1/2025 | 35.0% | 11.1% | 3.4% | 1.5% |
| 8/1/2025 | 36.5% | 12.1% | 3.0% | 1.5% |
| 9/1/2025 | 35.5% | 12.2% | 3.3% | 1.3% |
| 10/1/2025 | 35.8% | 14.3% | 3.3% | 1.6% |
| 11/1/2025 | 34.8% | 15.1% | 4.0% | 1.8% |
| 12/1/2025 | 36.8% | 16.7% | 4.3% | 1.9% |
| 1/1/2026 | 35.9% | 19.5% | 4.5% | 2.0% |
| 2/1/2026 | 34.4% | 24.4% | 4.7% | 1.9% |
| 3/1/2026 | 35.2% | 30.6% | 4.3% | 1.9% |
That gap looked very different a year ago. In January 2025, OpenAI was used by 16.8% of U.S. businesses while Anthropic sat at 4.1%, a spread of nearly 13 points. Anthropic has since grown more than sevenfold in 14 months, while OpenAI roughly doubled over the same period.
The remaining providers remain distant in paid business adoption. Google’s AI products—spanning Gemini, Vertex AI, and Workspace add-ons—have hovered between 3% and 4.5% of U.S. businesses for most of the past three years, barely moving despite heavy investment.
xAI has climbed from effectively zero in early 2024 to 1.9% in March 2026, a meaningful but still small footprint.
Anthropic’s rapid rise in business adoption tracks its push into enterprise developer and knowledge-work tools.
Claude Code, the company’s coding assistant, and Cowork, its workflow collaboration platform, were both scaled aggressively across late 2025 and 2026—the period that coincides with the steepest part of Anthropic’s curve.
The pattern suggests that enterprise-native tooling, rather than general chatbot access, is now the key driver of paid seat growth. OpenAI has responded with its own developer coding tool, Codex, but Anthropic’s focus on developer workflows has clearly found traction in corporate procurement.
While Codex launched months after Claude Code, it has rapidly gained adoption among developers and knowledge workers, reaching four million active users as of April 21, 2026.
2026-04-23 23:21:44
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Copper is one of the world’s most critical metals, powering everything from construction to electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. As demand rises, where this resource is located is becoming increasingly important.
This visualization shows global copper reserves by country using data from the U.S. Geological Survey (2026), highlighting which nations hold the largest known deposits and how concentrated supply really is.
Demand for copper is expected to surge in the coming decades, driven by electrification, AI infrastructure, and the expansion of power grids. This makes the geographic distribution of reserves more strategically important than ever.
Chile dominates global copper reserves with 180 million tonnes—nearly double Australia, the next largest holder, giving it unmatched influence over global copper supply at a time when demand is rapidly rising.
| Rank | Country | Reserves (Mt) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Chile |
180 |
| 2 |
Australia |
100 |
| 3 |
Peru |
85 |
| 4 |
Congo (DRC) |
80 |
| 5 |
Russia |
80 |
| 6 |
Mexico |
53 |
| 7 |
United States |
47 |
| 8 |
China |
41 |
| 9 |
Poland |
33 |
| 10 |
Indonesia |
21 |
| 11 |
Zambia |
21 |
| 12 |
Kazakhstan |
20 |
| 13 |
Canada |
7 |
| 14 |
India |
2 |
| -- |
Other countries |
210 |
| -- |
World total (rounded) |
980 |
Chile’s reserves account for about 18% of the global total, reinforcing its position as the world’s top producer.
These vast deposits, particularly in the Atacama Desert, have made Chile central to global copper supply chains. Australia and Peru also have significant reserves, but are in a distinct second tier behind Chile.
Copper reserves are highly concentrated: the top five countries—Chile, Australia, Peru, the DRC, and Russia—hold more than half of the world’s known supply.
Australia holds about 100 million tonnes, while Peru, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Russia each have between 80–85 million tonnes. Latin America and resource-rich regions in Africa and Eurasia dominate the list.
Humanity has mined over 700 million tonnes of copper throughout history, yet nearly 1 billion tonnes remain in known reserves. This highlights both the scale of remaining resources and the challenge of extracting them economically.
However, much of this remaining copper is harder and more expensive to extract. As demand accelerates, especially from electrification and energy systems, the gap between supply and future needs could become a defining challenge for the global economy.
If you enjoyed today’s post, check out Visualizing the Growth of Chinese Copper Miners on Voronoi, the new app from Visual Capitalist.
2026-04-23 21:36:05
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Nvidia’s grip on the AI boom remains overwhelming.
In Q4 2025, the company shipped nearly two-thirds of all measured AI compute capacity—more than its closest competitors combined. While Google, Amazon, and others are scaling up their own chips, the gap between first and second place remains striking.
This visualization, part of Visual Capitalist’s AI Week sponsored by Terzo, ranks the world’s largest AI chip designers using data from Epoch AI’s Chip Sales database, which estimates compute capacity across leading architectures.
Even as more companies entered the AI chip market, one still towered over the rest in Q4 2025: Nvidia.
To make different chips comparable, the data is converted into “H100 equivalents”—a standardized measure based on Nvidia’s flagship AI GPU.
| Rank | Manufacturer | Q4 2025 Chip Sales (H100 equivalents) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nvidia | 2,957,362 |
| 2 | 976,313 | |
| 3 | AMD | 226,485 |
| 4 | Amazon | 221,354 |
| 5 | Huawei | 131,964 |
Nvidia didn’t just lead—it dominated. Its 2.96 million H100-equivalent shipments in Q4 2025 exceeded the combined total of every other company in this ranking.
AMD (226k) and Amazon (221k) formed a much smaller second tier, followed by Huawei (132k). Together, the rankings show that while the market is broadening, AI compute shipments remain highly concentrated at the top.
As demand for AI infrastructure accelerates, the key question is whether competitors can meaningfully close this gap or whether Nvidia’s early lead will translate into long-term dominance of the AI stack.
This chart measures compute capacity, not units sold or revenue. Epoch AI defines H100e as H100-equivalent compute capacity, converting each chip’s peak dense 8-bit operations into the equivalent number of Nvidia H100 GPUs.
Epoch AI uses this measure because it is more intuitive than citing raw operations per second across different chip families.
Still, the firm notes that H100e is an imperfect proxy, since real-world performance also depends on factors like memory bandwidth, software ecosystems, and how chips are networked into servers and clusters.
These figures are estimates rather than exact reported sales. Epoch AI says chipmakers do not consistently disclose precise volumes, and most of its uncertainty ranges span roughly a factor of 2x around the median estimate.
The dataset also does not track all AI chip production. Instead, it focuses on the largest designers of dedicated AI accelerators—Nvidia, Google, Amazon, AMD, and Huawei—which Epoch AI says account for the large majority of global AI compute capacity.
If you enjoyed today’s post, check out The Global Semiconductor Industry, by Market Cap on Voronoi.