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2026-03-15 02:13:43

Ranked: The World’s Top Arms Exporters

This was originally posted on our Voronoi app. Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

The global arms trade is heavily concentrated among a handful of countries, with the United States far ahead of every other supplier. From 2021 and 2025, the U.S. accounted for 42% of global arms exports, more than four times the share of the next-largest exporter.

This visualization, created by Aneesh Anand using data from the SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, shows the share of global arms exports by country from 2021–2025.

Here are the world’s largest arms exporters based on SIPRI data for 2021–2025.

The U.S. stands far ahead of all competitors, accounting for roughly 42% of global arms exports. France, Russia, China, and Germany form a distant second tier. Meanwhile, emerging suppliers like South Korea are rapidly expanding their global footprint.

Why the U.S. Dominates Global Arms Exports

The United States has long been the world’s largest arms exporter, but its dominance has expanded in recent years.

Several factors help explain this lead:

• Technological superiority in advanced systems such as fighter jets, missile defense, and surveillance technologies
• Large-scale defense production capacity supported by massive domestic military spending
• Extensive alliance networks, including NATO partners and security agreements across Asia and the Middle East

As geopolitical tensions rise, many countries are turning to the U.S. for advanced weapons systems. European demand in particular has surged following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, contributing to a nearly 10% increase in global arms transfers.

These exports are also closely tied to broader geopolitical influence, reinforcing the U.S. position as a central supplier to allied nations.

Germany Overtakes China in Arms Exports

One notable shift in the rankings is Germany overtaking China as the world’s fourth-largest arms exporter. Germany now accounts for roughly 6% of global exports, slightly ahead of China. The shift reflects increased German defense manufacturing and growing demand for European-made military equipment.

European arms suppliers have benefited from heightened security concerns on the continent, which has accelerated procurement across NATO and neighboring states.

China, meanwhile, remains a significant exporter but tends to sell more regionally, particularly to countries in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.

South Korea’s Rapid Rise as an Arms Supplier

One of the fastest-rising players in the global arms market is South Korea.

With roughly 3% of global arms exports, the country has rapidly expanded its presence by focusing on competitive pricing, fast production timelines, and modern weapons systems. South Korean firms have secured major deals for tanks, artillery systems, and fighter jets, particularly in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia.

The country has made defense exports a strategic national priority, aiming to become one of the world’s top arms exporters in the coming decades.

Learn More on the Voronoi App

Interested in exploring the companies behind global defense spending? Check out this visualization on the largest defense contractors by market cap, showing the biggest players shaping the global arms industry today.

2026-03-15 00:53:04

The 50 Countries With the Most Agricultural Land

See visuals like this from many other data creators on our Voronoi app. Download it for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

Agricultural land spans more than 18 million square miles worldwide, forming the foundation of global food production.

This graphic ranks the top 50 countries by agricultural land area, using the most recent FAO data compiled by the World Bank. China leads the world by a wide margin, followed by the United States and Australia.

The ranking highlights where the world’s largest agricultural footprints are located, spanning major producers across Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

Why China Has the World’s Most Agricultural Land

At 2 million square miles, China has more agricultural land than any other country worldwide. Roughly a fifth of the national population works in agriculture, and China today is the world’s largest producer and consumer of agricultural goods.

The data table below features all of the world’s countries and their total square mileage of agricultural land:

Rank	Country Name	Ag land (sq. mi)
1	China	2,009,326
2	United States	1,627,576
3	Australia	1,402,492
4	Brazil	914,131
5	Russian Federation	832,826
6	Kazakhstan	827,284
7	India	689,466
8	Saudi Arabia	670,418
9	Argentina	448,405
10	Sudan	435,002
11	Mongolia	414,933
12	Mexico	380,486
13	South Africa	371,975
14	Nigeria	267,948
15	Canada	219,596
16	Indonesia	212,828
17	Chad	194,353
18	Iran, Islamic Rep.	181,727
19	Niger	179,918
20	Angola	177,850
21	Somalia, Fed. Rep.	170,384
22	Mali	167,103
23	Mozambique	160,280
24	Algeria	159,633
25	Ukraine	159,503
26	Madagascar	157,896
27	Colombia	156,306
28	Mauritania	153,321
29	Turkmenistan	152,812
30	Tanzania	152,592
31	Bolivia	149,867
32	Namibia	149,854
33	Turkiye	148,989
34	Ethiopia	148,483
35	Afghanistan	147,167
36	Pakistan	138,977
37	Congo, Dem. Rep.	135,505
38	Morocco	115,013
39	Kenya	111,076
40	South Sudan	109,449
41	France	109,256
42	Cote d'Ivoire	106,175
43	Botswana	99,854
44	Uzbekistan	98,773
45	Spain	95,648
46	Peru	94,153
47	Zambia	92,043
48	Yemen, Rep.	90,549
49	Thailand	86,394
50	Venezuela, RB	83,012
51	Paraguay	82,730
52	Guinea	69,475
53	United Kingdom	65,674
54	Germany	64,039
55	Zimbabwe	62,422
56	Libya	59,267
57	Burkina Faso	56,413
58	Poland	56,294
59	Uganda	55,657
60	Uruguay	54,976
61	Syrian Arab Republic	52,533
62	Italy	50,531
63	Myanmar	50,183
64	Philippines	49,122
65	Romania	49,093
66	Ghana	48,663
67	Viet Nam	47,456
68	Chile	41,303
69	Congo, Rep.	41,125
70	Kyrgyz Republic	39,996
71	Cameroon	38,212
72	New Zealand	37,494
73	Tunisia	37,454
74	Senegal	36,722
75	Iraq	36,592
76	Bangladesh	36,290
77	Malaysia	33,093
78	Belarus	31,019
79	Eritrea	29,313
80	Cuba	24,714
81	Cambodia	23,762
82	Malawi	23,359
83	Central African Republic	21,887
84	Greece	20,742
85	Ecuador	20,656
86	Nicaragua	19,656
87	Hungary	19,626
88	Bulgaria	19,317
89	Azerbaijan	18,454
90	Benin	18,211
91	Guatemala	17,807
92	Japan	17,788
93	Ireland	16,174
94	Egypt, Arab Rep.	15,668
95	Portugal	15,328
96	Sierra Leone	15,247
97	Tajikistan	14,976
98	Togo	14,749
99	Nepal	14,456
100	Honduras	13,807
101	Czechia	13,646
102	Serbia	13,112
103	Sri Lanka	11,610
104	Sweden	11,514
105	Lithuania	11,093
106	Dominican Republic	10,301
107	Denmark	10,120
108	Austria	10,028
109	Korea, Dem. People's Rep.	10,021
110	Moldova	9,421
111	Georgia	9,158
112	Lesotho	9,115
113	Lao PDR	8,831
114	Finland	8,734
115	Panama	8,456
116	Burundi	8,317
117	Gabon	8,314
118	Latvia	7,610
119	Liberia	7,425
120	Rwanda	7,271
121	Slovak Republic	7,046
122	Netherlands	6,961
123	Haiti	6,931
124	Djibouti	6,579
125	Costa Rica	6,534
126	Armenia	6,380
127	Iceland	6,324
128	Korea, Rep.	6,054
129	Switzerland	5,765
130	Croatia	5,737
131	Oman	5,682
132	Papua New Guinea	5,425
133	Belgium	5,225
134	North Macedonia	4,830
135	El Salvador	4,617
136	Eswatini	4,614
137	Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,297
138	Albania	4,033
139	Jordan	3,954
140	Estonia	3,815
141	Norway	3,792
142	Guinea-Bissau	3,245
143	Guyana	2,780
144	Lebanon	2,603
145	Gambia, The	2,448
146	Slovenia	2,360
147	Israel	2,072
148	Bhutan	2,035
149	Jamaica	1,610
150	United Arab Emirates	1,512
151	West Bank and Gaza	1,510
152	Timor-Leste	1,318
153	Fiji	1,203
154	Montenegro	1,017
155	Greenland	939
156	Vanuatu	722
157	New Caledonia	711
158	Belize	703
159	Puerto Rico (US)	652
160	Kuwait	579
161	Comoros	514
162	Luxembourg	514
163	Cyprus	498
164	Solomon Islands	422
165	Equatorial Guinea	404
166	Faroe Islands	371
167	Mauritius	332
168	Cabo Verde	305
169	Qatar	286
170	Suriname	276
171	Trinidad and Tobago	208
172	Samoa	189
173	Sao Tome and Principe	166
174	Isle of Man	152
175	Tonga	135
176	Kiribati	131
177	French Polynesia	116
178	Dominica	97
179	Andorra	72
180	Guam	62
181	Brunei Darussalam	52
182	Bahamas, The	50
183	Barbados	39
184	St. Lucia	38
185	Antigua and Barbuda	35
186	Malta	32
187	Bahrain	31
188	Grenada	31
189	Marshall Islands	27
190	St. Vincent and the Grenadines	27
191	British Virgin Islands	27
192	St. Kitts and Nevis	23
193	Maldives	23
194	Liechtenstein	20
195	Micronesia, Fed. Sts.	19
196	Palau	17
197	Hong Kong SAR, China	15
198	Virgin Islands (U.S.)	13
199	American Samoa	11
200	Cayman Islands	10
201	San Marino	9
202	Aruba	8
203	Tuvalu	7
204	Seychelles	6
205	Turks and Caicos Islands	4
206	Singapore	3
207	Northern Mariana Islands	2
208	Nauru	2
209	Bermuda	1

China even has more agricultural land than larger countries like Russia (833,000 sq. mi) and Canada (220,000) owing to those countries’ vast frozen and tundra geographies.

However, climate change is likely to change the landscape of global agriculture, as new northern regions become more hospitable for agriculture.

The Top Agricultural Players

The United States (1.6 million), Australia (1.4 million), and Brazil (914,000) round out the top five countries worldwide. Each of these countries specializes in different crops.

For example, the U.S. is the world’s largest producer of corn, while Brazil is the top grower of both soybeans and sugarcane.

Meanwhile, Australia has overcome its mostly arid geography to become a major wheat and cereals grower, rivaling major producers like India (689,000) and Ukraine (160,000).

Africa’s Growing Desert Problem

African countries make up nearly half of the top 50 countries worldwide by square mileage of agricultural land area. They’re led by larger countries like Sudan (435,000), South Africa (372,000), and Nigeria (268,000).

As with peers in Eurasia and the Americas, African agriculture is increasingly facing challenges from climate change.

In particular, the growing desertification problem is reducing countries’ agricultural land, especially in the Sahel region, as temperatures rise and soil becomes less fertile for growing crops. Over-farming and over-grazing are exacerbating regional soil erosion and deepening desertification.

Learn More on the Voronoi App

If you enjoyed today’s post, check out Which Economies Have the Largest Ecological Footprints? on Voronoi, the new app from Visual Capitalist.

2026-03-14 23:32:00

Published

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March 14, 2026

By

Cody Good

Graphics & Design

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The following content is sponsored by Dubai Future Forum

From Ice to Insights: Exploring the Future of Polar Regions

Key Takeaways

• Eight of the 10 worst years for glacier loss have happened since 2010.
• Between 2016-2022, nearly $4 billion funded over 11,000 research projects in the Arctic.

Polar regions are central to Earth’s climate system, sea levels, and future resilience. How is research and innovation at the ends of the Earth shaping the center of tomorrow?

In partnership with Dubai Future Forum, the world’s largest gathering of futurists taking place every November in Dubai, this graphic shows how research, investment, and innovation are converging to transform our understanding of land, but more specifically, polar regions.

It’s one of four dimensions—Ocean, Mind, Space, and Land—within the Dubai Future Forum’s larger theme, Exploring the Unknown.

The data comes from these sources:

• COMNAP
• UArctic
• World Glacier Monitoring Service
• The Global 50 Report by Dubai Future Foundation.

Frozen Frontiers of Knowledge

The polar regions are some of Earth’s most important observation posts. Where do the growing number of researchers go to brave the elements in the name of science?

In the Northern Arctic, the University of the Arctic began in 2001, though member institutions of UArctic established deep northern research roots decades earlier.

At the south pole, Antarctic research bases first date back to the late 19th century with the Southern Cross Expedition. Today, there are over 100 facilities constructed across the continent.

Here is a table list of the largest facilities, based on peak population, for each signatory country of the Antarctic Treaty:

English Name	Primary Operating Country	Seasonality	Peak Population	Year Established
Marambio Antartic Base	Argentina	Year-Round	165	1969
Casey	Australia	Year-Round	120	1969
Comandante Ferraz	Brazil	Year-Round	64	1984
President Eduardo Frei Antarctic Base	Chile	Year-Round	150	1969
Zhongshan	China	Year-Round	64	1989
Johann Gregor Mendel Czech Antarctic Station	Czech Republic	Seasonal	20	2006
Pedro Vicente Maldonado	Ecuador	Seasonal	34	1990
Dumont d'Urville	France	Year-Round	90	1956
Neumayer III	Germany	Year-Round	60	2009
Maitri	India	Year-Round	65	1989
Mario Zucchelli	Italy	Seasonal	112	1986
Syowa	Japan	Year-Round	170	1957
Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory	Netherlands	Seasonal	10	2013
Scott Base	New Zealand	Year-Round	86	1957
Troll Station	Norway	Year-Round	80	1990
Machu Picchu	Peru	Seasonal	30	1989
Henryk Arctowski	Poland	Year-Round	40	1977
Mountain Evening	Republic of Belarus	Seasonal	12	2016
Jang Bogo	Republic of Korea	Year-Round	80	2014
Novolazarevskaya	Russia	Year-Round	70	1961
SANAE IV	South Africa	Year-Round	80	1997
Juan Carlos I	Spain	Seasonal	50	1988
Wasa	Sweden	Seasonal	10	1988
Vernadsky	Ukraine	Year-Round	24	1996
Rothera	United Kingdom	Year-Round	136	1975
McMurdo	United States	Year-Round	1,200	1956
Artigas	Uruguay	Year-Round	50	1984

The continued expansion of research of the polar regions provides humanity with the opportunity to spot the earliest signs of planetary change.

Global Glacier Mass Change

One of the clearest indicators of planetary change is the rise and fall of glacier mass over time. Organizations like the World Glacier Monitoring Service collects measurements to track the evolution of reference glaciers across the globe annually.

Beginning in 1950, here is the annual mass change of global glaciers over time:

Year	Annual Mass Change
1950	-1141
1951	-344
1952	-561
1953	-561
1954	-420
1955	372
1956	-160
1957	-94
1958	-868
1959	-468
1960	-577
1961	-437
1962	-203
1963	-352
1964	319
1965	159
1966	-225
1967	-118
1968	-70
1969	-488
1970	-287
1971	-231
1972	-279
1973	-177
1974	-187
1975	-225
1976	-182
1977	-256
1978	-187
1979	-417
1980	-123
1981	-190
1982	-487
1983	128
1984	-259
1985	-307
1986	-481
1987	96
1988	-74
1989	-228
1990	-484
1991	-503
1992	-116
1993	-132
1994	-531
1995	-459
1996	-473
1997	-640
1998	-722
1999	-698
2000	-359
2001	-270
2002	-428
2003	-524
2004	-731
2005	-816
2006	-714
2007	-539
2008	-375
2009	-452
2010	-873
2011	-737
2012	-724
2013	-711
2014	-709
2015	-805
2016	-987
2017	-666
2018	-937
2019	-993
2020	-883
2021	-676
2022	-1089
2023	-1253
2024	-1298

With the exception of a few select years, glaciers have lost mass continuously since measuring began. Notably, eight of the 10 worst years for glacier ices loss have happened since 2010.

The Arctic: Laboratory for the Future

The northern polar region is becoming a living laboratory for environmental research, sustainability innovation, and interdisciplinary cooperation.

Unlike its southern counterpart, Antarctica, with its fragmented government led programmes, Arctic research is led by local communities and universities are far more transparent in their polar science.

For a clear look at research efforts, here is a table listing the number of projects and funding amounts based on country:

Country	# of Projects	Funding Amount ($US Million)	Notes
Canada	3,157	352
United States	2,567	1,798
Russia*	1,642	N/A	No funding amount reported.
Norway**	1,386	593	Partial funding reported, missing Norway Regional Health Authority.
EU**	1,159	996	Partial funding reported, missing Germany reporting.
UK	449	154
Japan	404	48
China	260	29
Total	11,024	3,970

Polar research is not just constrained to northern countries. With the recent launch of the Emirates Polar Program and the Polar Research Center, the UAE is stepping onto the global stage as an emerging polar research nation.

Looking Ahead: The Future of Polar Regions

The future of the world’s polar regions will depend on deeper research and global action with innovations in areas like sensor monitoring networks supporting that mission.

To continue exploring the polar regions and the biggest emerging opportunities shaping the future, read the Dubai Future Foundation’s Global 50 report.

Learn more about the Dubai Future Forum.

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2026-03-14 22:15:06

The Most Common Website Languages on the Internet

See visuals like this from many other data creators on our Voronoi app. Download it for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

English has become the de facto language of the internet, with a far greater presence online than any other language.

However, the most common languages on the web don’t necessarily reflect the number of people who speak them natively.

This graphic visualizes the most commonly used languages for URLs compared with their share of native speakers worldwide, based on 2025 data from Ethnologue via both the World Bank and Britannica.

English is the Most Common URL Language

Dive into the data below:

German comes in second place, making up 7% of URLs, despite having the smallest share of native speakers among the languages listed in the data. Just 0.9% of people speak it natively. In addition to Germany, the language is spoken in Austria, Switzerland, and some areas of Italy and other neighboring European countries.

Some 6% of URLs are written in Russian, while 1.8% of the population speaks it natively, largely concentrated in former Soviet Union countries.

Interestingly, Chinese is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, with 16.3% of the global population speaking it natively (primarily Mandarin). However, just 5% of URLs are written in the language.

Spanish is also underrepresented relative to its native-speaking population, accounting for 4% of URLs compared with 5.9% of global native speakers.

Some 21% of URLs fall under “other,” meaning many languages appear on only a small number of websites. Outside of the languages listed above, along with Japanese and French, other mother tongues make up 68.1% of the global population.

Creating a Multilingual Internet

The lack of languages online can isolate or limit those who don’t speak English, German, Russian, or other common languages. This is particularly problematic for Indigenous communities, whose culture is often flattened by technology.

There are efforts to increase representation as a form of digital inclusion. For example, the foundation that runs Wikipedia launched a page translator to help build up a non-English catalogue back in 2015, while UNESCO and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) are working to increase linguistic diversity in hopes of creating a more multilingual internet.

This dataset looks at the language of URLs, which can indicate the origin of a webpage. When looking at languages of the pages themselves, the data shifts slightly to include languages such as Turkish and Persian.

Learn More on the Voronoi App

To learn more about languages online, check out this graphic which charts the digital divide.

2026-03-14 20:04:05

Ranked: The Flattest States in America

See visuals like this from many other data creators on our Voronoi app. Download it for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

America’s landscape ranges from towering mountain ranges to vast plains. But which states actually have the least change in elevation?

Using elevation range, the difference between a state’s highest and lowest points, we ranked all 50 states based on USGS data via the U.S. Census Bureau.

The results reveal several surprises. While Florida takes the top spot by a wide margin, Kansas—long associated with flat terrain—ranks only 20th due to its gradual rise toward the Rocky Mountains.

Florida’s Narrow Elevation Range

Florida ranks as the flattest state in the country, with just 345 feet separating its highest point, Britton Hill, from sea level along its coastline.

Looking at it another way, Florida’s elevation change is roughly equivalent to the height of a 30-story building. Given Florida’s low-lying coastline, more than 500,000 residents could live in areas at risk of severe coastal flooding by 2050.

Delaware (448 ft) and Louisiana (543 ft) follow closely behind Florida, reflecting the relatively low-lying landscapes of the Mid-Atlantic and Gulf Coast.

Like Florida, they are among the most flood-prone states in the country. Delaware, for instance, has the lowest mean elevation across all states, and sits on a tectonic plate that is sinking. Louisiana, meanwhile, faces one of the fastest rising sea levels on Earth.

Meanwhile, many of the flattest states are concentrated across the Midwest and Great Lakes region. States like Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, and Iowa all rank within the top 10, highlighting the influence of ancient glaciers that helped shape much of the region’s broad plains.

Kansas, often stereotyped as one of the flattest places in the U.S., ranks 20th, with an elevation range of 3,360 feet. While large portions of the state are indeed flat, the gradual rise toward the Rocky Mountains in western Kansas increases its overall elevation variation.

Overall, the ranking highlights how coastal geography, glacial history, and regional topography shape the landscapes across the U.S., often challenging common assumptions about which states are truly the flattest.

Learn More on the Voronoi App

To learn more about this topic, check out this graphic on the top 15 countries by land area.

2026-03-14 00:36:46

The Energy Mix of the World’s 10 Largest Economies

See visuals like this from many other data creators on our Voronoi app. Download it for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

This graphic compares the energy mix of the world’s 10 largest economies, showing how much of their total energy supply comes from oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, hydro, and other renewables.

The data for this visualization comes from the Energy Institute’s 2025 Statistical Review of World Energy, representing the most recent full-year data (2024).

Oil Still Dominates Many Advanced Economies

Oil remains the largest energy source in six of the 10 biggest economies, including the United States, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and Italy. In these countries, oil plays a major role in transportation and industrial sectors.

Italy has the highest reliance on oil among the group, with nearly 46% of its energy coming from petroleum. Germany and the UK also depend heavily on oil, though both have been expanding renewable energy capacity in recent years.

The table below shows the energy mix of each of the world’s 10 largest economies.

Country	Oil	Nat. Gas	Coal	Nuclear	Hydro	Renewables
U.S.	39.0%	35.4%	8.6%	9.8%	0.9%	6.3%
China	20.3%	9.8%	58.0%	3.1%	3.1%	5.7%
Germany	41.8%	27.9%	15.6%	0.0%	0.8%	13.9%
Japan	39.0%	19.9%	27.6%	5.7%	1.8%	6.1%
India	28.1%	6.5%	59.3%	1.5%	1.4%	3.1%
UK	41.7%	34.7%	2.6%	6.8%	0.3%	13.8%
France	31.0%	12.8%	2.0%	46.1%	2.9%	5.3%
Italy	45.9%	37.9%	1.8%	0.0%	3.6%	10.9%
Russia	24.1%	54.0%	11.8%	7.4%	2.4%	0.2%
Canada	36.6%	39.0%	2.4%	7.8%	10.4%	3.6%

Even in highly developed economies with strong climate targets, oil remains difficult to replace due to its central role in global transport systems.

Coal Remains Critical for China and India

Coal continues to dominate the energy mix in the world’s two most populous countries. In China, coal accounts for 58% of total energy supply, while India relies on coal for roughly 59%.

This reliance reflects both countries’ large industrial bases and the availability of domestic coal resources. Coal remains a relatively cheap and reliable energy source for powering manufacturing and electricity generation.

However, both China and India are also investing heavily in renewable energy and nuclear power as they attempt to balance economic growth with emissions reductions.

Different Paths to Low-Carbon Energy

Some economies rely more heavily on nuclear or hydropower rather than renewables alone. France stands out for its heavy dependence on nuclear power, which provides more than 46% of its total energy mix.

Canada, meanwhile, benefits from abundant hydropower resources, with hydro accounting for over 10% of its energy supply. The country also maintains a relatively balanced mix between oil and natural gas.

Russia shows the lowest share of renewables in the group at just 0.2%, reflecting its vast reserves of fossil fuels and heavy reliance on natural gas, which makes up more than half of its energy mix.

Learn More on the Voronoi App

If you enjoyed today’s post, check out Countries With the Most Oil Reserves on Voronoi, the new app from Visual Capitalist.