2025-12-16 23:41:33
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Energy transition spending is booming worldwide, as EVs and renewable power expand their market share.
While average global spending in renewable energy was $662 billion between 2022 and 2023, it grew to $807 billion in 2024. Not only that, 92% of new U.S. electricity additions will be powered by clean sources this year and next.
This graphic shows global energy transition investment in 2024, based on data from the Climate Policy Institute and IRENA.
Below, we show investment across key categories in the energy transition, from wind energy and power grids to battery storage:
| Category | Global Investment 2024 (USD) |
Growth vs 2022/2023 Average |
|---|---|---|
| Solar PV | $554B | 49% |
| Solar Thermal | $12B | -32% |
| Wind Energy | $196B | -11% |
| Other Renewables | $19B | -61% |
| Electric Vehicles | $763B | 33% |
| EV Charging Infrastructure | $39B | 27% |
| Power Grids | $359B | 14% |
| Energy Efficiency | $346B | 3% |
| Battery Storage | $54B | 73% |
| Green Hydrogen | $8B | -20% |
| Global Total | $2.4T | 20% |
Overall, EVs and solar power were the two largest categories, driving 55% of the total last year.
China accounted for 49% global investment in battery EVs in 2024, supported by government policies. At the same time, nearly 1.8 million EV charging points were built, more than the rest of the world combined.
Meanwhile, investment in battery storage was the fastest-growing segment, rising 73% in 2024 versus the 2022-2023 average. What’s more, investment was 11 times higher than 2019-2020 levels given lower costs and efficiency improvements.
Investment in power grids also saw meaningful growth, rising 14% to reach $359 billion. Globally, spending is forecast to continue rising to support EVs and renewable energy generation.
In contrast, wind energy spending declined to $196 billion given permitting timelines and rising financing costs, particularly for offshore wind. As a result, many offshore wind projects were canceled in the U.S., and are expected to continue looking ahead.
To learn more about this topic, check out this graphic on future solar power capacity by country.
2025-12-16 21:04:30
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The U.S. economy now exceeds $30 trillion in size, but that output is far from evenly distributed across the country.
While large and economically diverse states like California dominate contributions to national GDP, many smaller states contribute less than 0.5% each.
This infographic maps the share of U.S. GDP by state based on data from Mark Zandi and Moody’s Analytics.
More than one-third of America’s GDP comes from the top four states—California, Texas, New York, and Florida. These are also the country’s most populous states, which directly impacts their economic size and output.
The table below shows every state’s share of U.S. GDP as of October 2025:
| Rank | State/District | Share of U.S. GDP (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | California | 14.5% |
| 2 | Texas | 9.4% |
| 3 | New York | 7.9% |
| 4 | Florida | 5.8% |
| 5 | Illinois | 3.9% |
| 6 | Pennsylvania | 3.5% |
| 7 | Ohio | 3.1% |
| 8 | Georgia | 3.0% |
| 9 | Washington | 3.0% |
| 10 | New Jersey | 2.9% |
| 11 | North Carolina | 2.9% |
| 12 | Massachusetts | 2.7% |
| 13 | Virginia | 2.7% |
| 14 | Michigan | 2.4% |
| 15 | Colorado | 1.9% |
| 16 | Arizona | 1.9% |
| 17 | Tennessee | 1.9% |
| 18 | Maryland | 1.9% |
| 19 | Indiana | 1.8% |
| 20 | Minnesota | 1.7% |
| 21 | Missouri | 1.5% |
| 22 | Wisconsin | 1.5% |
| 23 | Connecticut | 1.3% |
| 24 | South Carolina | 1.2% |
| 25 | Oregon | 1.1% |
| 26 | Louisiana | 1.1% |
| 27 | Alabama | 1.1% |
| 28 | Utah | 1.0% |
| 29 | Kentucky | 1.0% |
| 30 | Oklahoma | 0.9% |
| 31 | Iowa | 0.9% |
| 32 | Nevada | 0.9% |
| 33 | Kansas | 0.8% |
| 34 | Arkansas | 0.7% |
| 35 | District of Columbia | 0.6% |
| 36 | Nebraska | 0.6% |
| 37 | Mississippi | 0.5% |
| 38 | New Mexico | 0.5% |
| 39 | Idaho | 0.4% |
| 40 | New Hampshire | 0.4% |
| 41 | Hawaii | 0.4% |
| 42 | West Virginia | 0.4% |
| 43 | Delaware | 0.3% |
| 44 | Maine | 0.3% |
| 45 | Rhode Island | 0.3% |
| 46 | North Dakota | 0.3% |
| 47 | Montana | 0.3% |
| 48 | South Dakota | 0.3% |
| 49 | Alaska | 0.2% |
| 50 | Wyoming | 0.2% |
| 51 | Vermont | 0.2% |
California stands far ahead of the rest of the country, generating 14.5% or more than $4 trillion of the national GDP. On its own, California would rank as the fifth-largest economy in the world, with real estate and finance as major drivers of economic output.
Texas follows at 9.4%, fueled by strong energy, technology, and business services sectors. New York ranks third at 7.9%, and Florida (5.8%) rounds out the top four, boosted by tourism, real estate, and strong population growth.
Besides mid-sized states like Illinois and Pennsylvania, most other states account for anywhere between 1 and 3% of U.S. GDP, while 22 states contribute less than 1%, including Vermont, Wyoming, and Alaska.
In the first 11 months of 2025, U.S. employers announced more than 1.1 million job cuts, marking the sixth time that layoffs have surpassed this threshold since 1993.
Mark Zandi, chief economist at Moody’s Analytics, notes that several states are already seeing slowdowns in economic activity based on indicators such as employment, income, industrial production, and retail sales.
According to Zandi, 23 of the 50 U.S. states are already in recession, and another 12 states, including large economies like California and New York, are “treading water” and at risk of entering recession. You can see recession risk by state mapped out here.
Despite these pressures, the U.S. economy grew by 3.8% in Q2 2025, rebounding from a 0.6% decline in the first quarter.
If you enjoyed today’s post, explore more economic insights on Voronoi, including
Unemployment by State.
2025-12-16 02:44:00
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As many developed economies face aging populations and shrinking workforces, labor force participation has become increasingly important, and is a key driver behind immigration policy.
This chart compares labor force participation rates between native-born and foreign-born populations across OECD countries, using data from the OECD’s International Migration Outlook 2025. Labor force participation is defined as the share of adults who are either employed or actively seeking work.
Across OECD countries, the average labor force participation rate for immigrants stands at 77%, slightly higher than the 76% average for native-born adults. In many countries, immigrants are just as engaged in the labor market, if not more, than their native-born counterparts.
The table below shows labor force participation rates for native-born and foreign-born populations across OECD countries:
| Country | Foreign-born participation rate | Native-born participation rate |
|---|---|---|
 Chile |
83.0% | 68.9% |
 Luxembourg |
79.2% | 67.8% |
 Costa Rica |
74.1% | 64.5% |
 Portugal |
83.6% | 77.0% |
 Poland |
81.1% | 74.6% |
 Ireland |
81.6% | 76.4% |
 Italy |
71.1% | 65.8% |
 Czechia |
82.1% | 77.2% |
 Colombia |
70.6% | 66.6% |
 Spain |
77.6% | 73.7% |
 Greece |
73.6% | 70.2% |
 United Kingdom |
80.4% | 77.6% |
 Hungary |
81.1% | 78.6% |
 United States |
76.0% | 73.3% |
 New Zealand |
84.3% | 81.8% |
 Estonia |
84.0% | 81.9% |
 Iceland |
90.1% | 88.3% |
 Slovenia |
77.4% | 75.7% |
 Japan |
81.4% | 79.8% |
 Canada |
80.6% | 79.4% |
 Denmark |
83.1% | 82.3% |
 Australia |
80.6% | 80.6% |
 South Korea |
71.8% | 72.3% |
 Sweden |
83.5% | 84.0% |
 Slovak Republic |
75.5% | 76.6% |
 Lithuania |
78.4% | 79.5% |
 Latvia |
75.4% | 76.9% |
 Austria |
76.9% | 78.6% |
 Switzerland |
82.5% | 85.0% |
 Finland |
79.9% | 79.7% |
 Belgium |
68.4% | 71.8% |
 France |
70.9% | 75.2% |
 Norway |
76.6% | 81.6% |
 Germany |
74.3% | 82.1% |
 Mexico |
56.4% | 65.8% |
 Netherlands |
76.3% | 87.5% |
 Türkiye |
49.7% | 60.9% |
 OECD average |
76.9% | 76.1% |
Chile shows the largest gap favoring immigrants, with a 14.1 percentage-point difference in labor force participation. The country’s foreign-born population has grown by 334% since 2014, driven largely by migration from other South American countries such as Venezuela, Peru, and Colombia.
Luxembourg also stands out, with nearly four in five immigrants (79%) active in the labor market, compared to 68% of native-born adults. It also has one of the world’s highest proportions of international migrants in its population. Costa Rica follows a similar pattern, where immigrant participation reaches 74%, versus 65% for native citizens.
While immigrants are more active in many countries, the opposite pattern appears in several large European economies.
In Germany, native-born participation stands at 82%, compared to 74% among immigrants. Although Germany faces labor shortages and has expanded pathways for skilled immigration, around 24% of long-term arrivals are humanitarian migrants, many of whom are not immediately integrated into the labor market.
The Netherlands and Türkiye show the largest gaps, with native-born labor force participation exceeding immigrant participation by 11.2 percentage points in both countries.
If you enjoyed this post, see How Much of Europe is Made of Immigrants? on Voronoi.
2025-12-16 00:45:00
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There are over 8,500 potentially polluting wrecks (PPWs) across the world’s ocean. These shipwrecks may hold as much as 20.4 million metric tons of oil and toxic substances, according to estimates.
This graphic, in partnership with Lloyd’s Register Foundation, shows the global density of World War II wrecks. It uses data from Paul Heersink’s Sunken Ships of the Second World War database and oil estimates from Michel et al., 2005, presented at the International Oil Spill Conference.
World War II battles sank over 75% of PPWs, concentrating most in regions such as the South Pacific (32% of PPWs, 25% of oil) and the North Atlantic (25% of PPWs, 38% of oil).
Here is a table that shows the concentration of PPWs by ocean region and their estimated oil content:
| Ocean Region | Number of Shipwrecks | Oil Volume, Mid-Point Estimate (metric tons) |
|---|---|---|
| South Asian-Pacific | 2,737 | 2,305,000 |
| Northwest Atlantic | 1,393 | 2,256,000 |
| Northewest Pacific | 1,152 | 568,500 |
| Northeast Atlantic | 786 | 1,969,500 |
| Scandinavian-West Russian Arctic | 398 | 493,000 |
| Mediterranean Sea | 361 | 566,000 |
| North Pacific | 329 | 379,000 |
| Indian | 296 | 730,000 |
| Middle-Eastern Gulfs | 193 | 846,500 |
| Southwest Atlantic | 160 | 194,500 |
| Southeast Atlantic | 74 | 441,500 |
| Canadian Artic | 13 | 7,900 |
| East Russian Arctic | 13 | 4,800 |
| Southeast Pacific | 12 | 48,500 |
| Antarctic-Southwest Atlantic | 1 | 108,500 |
| Anarctic-Indian | 1 | 26,450 |
| Antarctic-Southeast Pacific | 1 | 475 |
Source: Michel et. al., 2005
These wrecks remain under the ownership of the original flag states, who have no legal obligation to intervene. As a result, proactive international cooperation is urgently required.
Many PPWs lie in the waters of small island states reliant on fishing and tourism. Even minor oil spills in sensitive marine areas can be devastating.
Here is a table showing the top 10 countries with the most PPWs located in their exclusive economic zones (EEZs), ranked by GDP:
| Country | Ships within EEZ by GDP (Billions US$) |
|---|---|
| Micronesia | 288.49 |
| Marshall Islands | 139.11 |
| Solomon Islands | 74.40 |
| Nauru | 37.42 |
| Kiribati | 22.74 |
| Papua New Guinea | 8.11 |
| Vanuatu | 6.89 |
| Cape Verde | 6.87 |
| Sierra Leone | 5.56 |
| Liberia | 4.63 |
Source: Shipwreck locations – Paul Heersink, 2025; EEZ file – Flanders Marine Institute, 2023
Because these nations often lack the resources to respond, they remain especially vulnerable to emerging threats.
The Malta Manifesto, launched by Project Tangaroa, calls for a global framework to address the PPW threat. It outlines key actions, from identifying high-risk wrecks to supporting coastal nations with limited capacity.
By recognizing that even a single leak in the wrong location can have far-reaching impacts, the Manifesto pushes for equitable, science-based solutions to this overlooked legacy of conflict.
Read the Malta Manifesto.
Visual Capitalist partnered with Lloyd’s Register Foundation to determine which nations believe climate change is a threat.
In this graphic, Visual Capitalist partnered with Lloyd’s Register Foundation to analyze workplace safety and determine the most dangerous industry.
In this graphic, Visual Capitalist has partnered with Lloyd’s Register Foundation to explore the most common household waste disposal practices in 142 countries.
Visual Capitalist has partnered with Lloyd’s Register Foundation to explore how long each generation can cover their needs without income.
This graphic explores 121 nations thoughts on climate change and ranks them by the volume of their population who views it as a threat.
Income security is critical in resilience. In this graphic, we explore how secure people are and how long they could live without income.
This infographic shows the types of workplace violence and harassment faced by people in the global workplace.
This infographic shows public perception of AI all over the globe and how this sentiment is affected by where you live.
2025-12-15 23:28:04
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About 3.7 million babies will be born in the U.S. this year, the eighth-highest total worldwide.
While America leads in annual births by country across the rich world, it is modest compared to emerging giants. India is set to record more than six times as many births, and Nigeria twice as many.
This graphic shows the top countries by annual birth projections, based on data from the UN’s World Population Prospects 2024 via Our World in Data.
Here is where the most babes will be born this year and by mid-century:
| Rank | Country | Number of Births 2025P |
Rank | Country | Number of Births 2050P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
 India |
23.1M | 1 |
India |
19.0M |
| 2 |
 China |
8.7M | 2 |
 Nigeria |
8.1M |
| 3 |
Nigeria |
7.6M | 3 |
 Pakistan |
7.5M |
| 4 |
Pakistan |
6.9M | 4 |
China |
7.4M |
| 5 |
 DRC |
4.6M | 5 |
DRC |
6.3M |
| 6 |
 Indonesia |
4.4M | 6 |
 Ethiopia |
4.8M |
| 7 |
Ethiopia |
4.2M | 7 |
Indonesia |
3.9M |
| 8 |
United States |
3.7M | 8 |
United States |
3.8M |
| 9 |
 Bangladesh |
3.4M | 9 |
 Tanzania |
3.3M |
| 10 |
 Brazil |
2.5M | 10 |
Bangladesh |
2.7M |
| 11 |
 Egypt |
2.5M | 11 |
Egypt |
2.6M |
| 12 |
Tanzania |
2.4M | 12 |
 Angola |
2.0M |
| 13 |
Mexico |
2.0M | 13 |
Brazil |
2.0M |
| 14 |
 Philippines |
1.9M | 14 |
 Sudan |
2.0M |
| 15 |
 Uganda |
1.7M | 15 |
Uganda |
1.9M |
| 16 |
Sudan |
1.7M | 16 |
 Afghanistan |
1.8M |
| 17 |
 Kenya |
1.5M | 17 |
Mexico |
1.6M |
| 18 |
Afghanistan |
1.5M | 18 |
Philippines |
1.6M |
| 19 |
Angola |
1.4M | 19 |
Kenya |
1.6M |
| 20 |
 Yemen |
1.4M | 20 |
Yemen |
1.6M |
With 23.1 million births, India is forecast to lead globally in 2025.
While the country is expected to drive 17% of all births worldwide, this share is projected to fall to 14% by 2050. Despite its relatively young population, fertility rates are now below replacement levels.
China follows next with a projected 8.7 million births in 2025. However, it is forecast to fall to fourth globally in 25 years. With one of the world’s lowest fertility rates, it is set to be surpassed by both Nigeria and Pakistan.
When it comes to the U.S., births are projected to shift modestly from 3.7 million in 2025 to 3.8 million in 2050.
While declining fertility was often linked to rising incomes and women prioritizing careers, recent evidence points to a reversal. In fact, higher-income families in America have been having more children compared to lower-income families.
To learn more about this topic, check out this graphic on fertility rates in Western-aligned countries.
2025-12-15 21:05:00
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U.S. GDP is made up of many smaller, distinct state economies fueling national growth.
In 2025, states responsible for about a third of U.S. GDP are in recession, or face high recession risk. Another third are expanding, including Florida and Utah, based on payrolls, employment, and other key economic data.
This graphic shows recession risk by state in 2025, based on analysis from Mark Zandi, chief economist at Moody’s Analytics.
To analyze recession risk, Zandi looks at state-level economic activity. This included a range of data such as unemployment, building permits, retail sales, industrial activity, delinquency rates, and tax revenues.
States were then categorized into three buckets based on these factors as of October 2025:
| State/District | Business Cycle Status | Share of U.S. GDP (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Georgia | In Recession/High Risk | 3.03 |
| Montana | In Recession/High Risk | 0.25 |
| Wyoming | In Recession/High Risk | 0.18 |
| Michigan | In Recession/High Risk | 2.44 |
| Massachusetts | In Recession/High Risk | 2.73 |
| Mississippi | In Recession/High Risk | 0.53 |
| Minnesota | In Recession/High Risk | 1.70 |
| Kansas | In Recession/High Risk | 0.80 |
| Rhode Island | In Recession/High Risk | 0.28 |
| Delaware | In Recession/High Risk | 0.34 |
| Washington | In Recession/High Risk | 3.02 |
| Illinois | In Recession/High Risk | 3.85 |
| West Virginia | In Recession/High Risk | 0.36 |
| New Hampshire | In Recession/High Risk | 0.42 |
| Maryland | In Recession/High Risk | 1.86 |
| Virginia | In Recession/High Risk | 2.66 |
| South Dakota | In Recession/High Risk | 0.25 |
| Connecticut | In Recession/High Risk | 1.27 |
| Oregon | In Recession/High Risk | 1.14 |
| Iowa | In Recession/High Risk | 0.86 |
| New Jersey | In Recession/High Risk | 2.93 |
| Maine | In Recession/High Risk | 0.33 |
| District of Columbia | In Recession/High Risk | 0.64 |
| Missouri | Treading Water | 1.54 |
| Ohio | Treading Water | 3.14 |
| Hawaii | Treading Water | 0.39 |
| Arkansas | Treading Water | 0.65 |
| New Mexico | Treading Water | 0.49 |
| Tennessee | Treading Water | 1.87 |
| New York | Treading Water | 7.92 |
| Vermont | Treading Water | 0.16 |
| Alaska | Treading Water | 0.24 |
| Colorado | Treading Water | 1.92 |
| California | Treading Water | 14.50 |
| Nevada | Treading Water | 0.86 |
| South Carolina | Expanding | 1.18 |
| Texas | Expanding | 9.41 |
| Oklahoma | Expanding | 0.92 |
| Idaho | Expanding | 0.43 |
| Kentucky | Expanding | 0.99 |
| Alabama | Expanding | 1.10 |
| Indiana | Expanding | 1.81 |
| Nebraska | Expanding | 0.63 |
| North Carolina | Expanding | 2.86 |
| Louisiana | Expanding | 1.11 |
| Florida | Expanding | 5.78 |
| North Dakota | Expanding | 0.26 |
| Pennsylvania | Expanding | 3.54 |
| Arizona | Expanding | 1.88 |
| Wisconsin | Expanding | 1.53 |
| Utah | Expanding | 1.02 |
Currently, many coastal, Northeastern states are facing some of the worst economic conditions.
In Maine, for instance, year-over-year GDP growth is just 0.8% as of Q2 2025, compared to the U.S. average of 2.1%. Meanwhile, Washington, D.C.’s unemployment rate was 6.4% in July, significantly higher than the 4.6% U.S. average given sweeping federal cuts.
According to Zandi’s analysis, New York and California are “Treading Water”, together responsible for driving over 22% of U.S. GDP.
In comparison, Texas, which fuels 9.4% of U.S. economic growth is expanding. Unemployment rates of 4.0% in July remain below the U.S. average. Additionally, the Texas economy is growing faster than the nation, while income growth rose 6.3% annually as of Q2 2025, outpacing the national average.
To learn more about this topic, check out this graphic on unemployment by state in 2025.
