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Immigrant vs. Native-Born Labor Force Participation, by Country

2025-12-16 02:44:00

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This chart compares labor force participation rates between immigrants and native-born adults across 36 OECD countries.

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Immigrant vs. Native-Born Labor Force Participation, by Country

See visuals like this from many other data creators on our Voronoi app. Download it for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

Key Takeaways

  • Immigrants have higher labor force participation than native-born populations in 21 of 36 OECD countries.
  • In Chile, 83% of immigrants are active in the labor market, compared to just 69% of native-born adults.
  • In a few countries, including the Netherlands, Türkiye, and Germany, native-born participation remains higher.

As many developed economies face aging populations and shrinking workforces, labor force participation has become increasingly important, and is a key driver behind immigration policy.

This chart compares labor force participation rates between native-born and foreign-born populations across OECD countries, using data from the OECD’s International Migration Outlook 2025. Labor force participation is defined as the share of adults who are either employed or actively seeking work.

Immigrant Participation Often Matches Native-Born Rates

Across OECD countries, the average labor force participation rate for immigrants stands at 77%, slightly higher than the 76% average for native-born adults. In many countries, immigrants are just as engaged in the labor market, if not more, than their native-born counterparts.

The table below shows labor force participation rates for native-born and foreign-born populations across OECD countries:

Country Foreign-born participation rate Native-born participation rate
🇨🇱 Chile 83.0% 68.9%
🇱🇺 Luxembourg 79.2% 67.8%
🇨🇷 Costa Rica 74.1% 64.5%
🇵🇹 Portugal 83.6% 77.0%
🇵🇱 Poland 81.1% 74.6%
🇮🇪 Ireland 81.6% 76.4%
🇮🇹 Italy 71.1% 65.8%
🇨🇿 Czechia 82.1% 77.2%
🇨🇴 Colombia 70.6% 66.6%
🇪🇸 Spain 77.6% 73.7%
🇬🇷 Greece 73.6% 70.2%
🇬🇧 United Kingdom 80.4% 77.6%
🇭🇺 Hungary 81.1% 78.6%
🇺🇸 United States 76.0% 73.3%
🇳🇿 New Zealand 84.3% 81.8%
🇪🇪 Estonia 84.0% 81.9%
🇮🇸 Iceland 90.1% 88.3%
🇸🇮 Slovenia 77.4% 75.7%
🇯🇵 Japan 81.4% 79.8%
🇨🇦 Canada 80.6% 79.4%
🇩🇰 Denmark 83.1% 82.3%
🇦🇺 Australia 80.6% 80.6%
🇰🇷 South Korea 71.8% 72.3%
🇸🇪 Sweden 83.5% 84.0%
🇸🇰 Slovak Republic 75.5% 76.6%
🇱🇹 Lithuania 78.4% 79.5%
🇱🇻 Latvia 75.4% 76.9%
🇦🇹 Austria 76.9% 78.6%
🇨🇭 Switzerland 82.5% 85.0%
🇫🇮 Finland 79.9% 79.7%
🇧🇪 Belgium 68.4% 71.8%
🇫🇷 France 70.9% 75.2%
🇳🇴 Norway 76.6% 81.6%
🇩🇪 Germany 74.3% 82.1%
🇲🇽 Mexico 56.4% 65.8%
🇳🇱 Netherlands 76.3% 87.5%
🇹🇷 Türkiye 49.7% 60.9%
🌐 OECD average 76.9% 76.1%

Chile shows the largest gap favoring immigrants, with a 14.1 percentage-point difference in labor force participation. The country’s foreign-born population has grown by 334% since 2014, driven largely by migration from other South American countries such as Venezuela, Peru, and Colombia.

Luxembourg also stands out, with nearly four in five immigrants (79%) active in the labor market, compared to 68% of native-born adults. It also has one of the world’s highest proportions of international migrants in its population. Costa Rica follows a similar pattern, where immigrant participation reaches 74%, versus 65% for native citizens.

Countries With High Native-Born Participation

While immigrants are more active in many countries, the opposite pattern appears in several large European economies.

In Germany, native-born participation stands at 82%, compared to 74% among immigrants. Although Germany faces labor shortages and has expanded pathways for skilled immigration, around 24% of long-term arrivals are humanitarian migrants, many of whom are not immediately integrated into the labor market.

The Netherlands and Türkiye show the largest gaps, with native-born labor force participation exceeding immigrant participation by 11.2 percentage points in both countries.

Learn More on the Voronoi App

If you enjoyed this post, see How Much of Europe is Made of Immigrants? on Voronoi.

Special Report: 8,500 Toxic Shipwrecks. Zero Global Framework.

2025-12-16 00:45:00

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The following content is sponsored by Lloyd's Register Foundation

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Special Report: 8,500 Toxic Shipwrecks. Zero Global Framework.

Key Takeaways

  • Over 8,500 historic shipwrecks worldwide pose a toxic threat, containing millions of metric tons of oil and other hazardous materials.
  • Small island states are especially at risk, lacking the resources to monitor or respond to leaks in their waters.
  • The Malta Manifesto urges coordinated global action to identify and mitigate high-risk shipwrecks.

There are over 8,500 potentially polluting wrecks (PPWs) across the world’s ocean. These shipwrecks may hold as much as 20.4 million metric tons of oil and toxic substances, according to estimates.

This graphic, in partnership with Lloyd’s Register Foundation, shows the global density of World War II wrecks. It uses data from Paul Heersink’s Sunken Ships of the Second World War database and oil estimates from Michel et al., 2005, presented at the International Oil Spill Conference.

Where Toxic Shipwrecks Are Found

World War II battles sank over 75% of PPWs, concentrating most in regions such as the South Pacific (32% of PPWs, 25% of oil) and the North Atlantic (25% of PPWs, 38% of oil).

Here is a table that shows the concentration of PPWs by ocean region and their estimated oil content:

Ocean Region Number of Shipwrecks Oil Volume, Mid-Point Estimate (metric tons)
South Asian-Pacific 2,737 2,305,000
Northwest Atlantic 1,393 2,256,000
Northewest Pacific 1,152 568,500
Northeast Atlantic 786 1,969,500
Scandinavian-West Russian Arctic 398 493,000
Mediterranean Sea 361 566,000
North Pacific 329 379,000
Indian 296 730,000
Middle-Eastern Gulfs 193 846,500
Southwest Atlantic 160 194,500
Southeast Atlantic 74 441,500
Canadian Artic 13 7,900
East Russian Arctic 13 4,800
Southeast Pacific 12 48,500
Antarctic-Southwest Atlantic 1 108,500
Anarctic-Indian 1 26,450
Antarctic-Southeast Pacific 1 475

Source: Michel et. al., 2005

These wrecks remain under the ownership of the original flag states, who have no legal obligation to intervene. As a result, proactive international cooperation is urgently required.

The Environmental Threat

Many PPWs lie in the waters of small island states reliant on fishing and tourism. Even minor oil spills in sensitive marine areas can be devastating.

Here is a table showing the top 10 countries with the most PPWs located in their exclusive economic zones (EEZs), ranked by GDP:

Country Ships within EEZ by GDP (Billions US$)
Micronesia 288.49
Marshall Islands 139.11
Solomon Islands 74.40
Nauru 37.42
Kiribati 22.74
Papua New Guinea 8.11
Vanuatu 6.89
Cape Verde 6.87
Sierra Leone 5.56
Liberia 4.63

Source: Shipwreck locations – Paul Heersink, 2025; EEZ file – Flanders Marine Institute, 2023

Because these nations often lack the resources to respond, they remain especially vulnerable to emerging threats.

The Malta Manifesto: Charting a Path Forward

The Malta Manifesto, launched by Project Tangaroa, calls for a global framework to address the PPW threat. It outlines key actions, from identifying high-risk wrecks to supporting coastal nations with limited capacity.

By recognizing that even a single leak in the wrong location can have far-reaching impacts, the Manifesto pushes for equitable, science-based solutions to this overlooked legacy of conflict.

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Ranked: The Countries Powering Global Population Growth (2025-2050)

2025-12-15 23:28:04

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Chart of births by country comparing 2025 to 2050 projections

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The World’s Highest Annual Births by Country (2025 vs. 2050)

See visuals like this from many other data creators on our Voronoi app. Download it for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

Key Takeaways

  • The global fertility rate hit an all-time low of 2.3 births per woman in 2024, barely above the replacement level of 2.1.
  • India is projected to see 23.1 million births in 2025, falling to 19 million by 2050.

About 3.7 million babies will be born in the U.S. this year, the eighth-highest total worldwide.

While America leads in annual births by country across the rich world, it is modest compared to emerging giants. India is set to record more than six times as many births, and Nigeria twice as many.

This graphic shows the top countries by annual birth projections, based on data from the UN’s World Population Prospects 2024 via Our World in Data.

Annual Births by Country Forecasts

Here is where the most babes will be born this year and by mid-century:

Rank Country Number of Births
2025P
Rank Country Number of Births
2050P
1 🇮🇳 India 23.1M 1 🇮🇳 India 19.0M
2 🇨🇳 China 8.7M 2 🇳🇬 Nigeria 8.1M
3 🇳🇬 Nigeria 7.6M 3 🇵🇰 Pakistan 7.5M
4 🇵🇰 Pakistan 6.9M 4 🇨🇳 China 7.4M
5 🇨🇩 DRC 4.6M 5 🇨🇩 DRC 6.3M
6 🇮🇩 Indonesia 4.4M 6 🇪🇹 Ethiopia 4.8M
7 🇪🇹 Ethiopia 4.2M 7 🇮🇩 Indonesia 3.9M
8 🇺🇸 United States 3.7M 8 🇺🇸 United States 3.8M
9 🇧🇩 Bangladesh 3.4M 9 🇹🇿 Tanzania 3.3M
10 🇧🇷 Brazil 2.5M 10 🇧🇩 Bangladesh 2.7M
11 🇪🇬 Egypt 2.5M 11 🇪🇬 Egypt 2.6M
12 🇹🇿 Tanzania 2.4M 12 🇦🇴 Angola 2.0M
13 🇲🇽 Mexico 2.0M 13 🇧🇷 Brazil 2.0M
14 🇵🇭 Philippines 1.9M 14 🇸🇩 Sudan 2.0M
15 🇺🇬 Uganda 1.7M 15 🇺🇬 Uganda 1.9M
16 🇸🇩 Sudan 1.7M 16 🇦🇫 Afghanistan 1.8M
17 🇰🇪 Kenya 1.5M 17 🇲🇽 Mexico 1.6M
18 🇦🇫 Afghanistan 1.5M 18 🇵🇭 Philippines 1.6M
19 🇦🇴 Angola 1.4M 19 🇰🇪 Kenya 1.6M
20 🇾🇪 Yemen 1.4M 20 🇾🇪 Yemen 1.6M

With 23.1 million births, India is forecast to lead globally in 2025.

While the country is expected to drive 17% of all births worldwide, this share is projected to fall to 14% by 2050. Despite its relatively young population, fertility rates are now below replacement levels.

China follows next with a projected 8.7 million births in 2025. However, it is forecast to fall to fourth globally in 25 years. With one of the world’s lowest fertility rates, it is set to be surpassed by both Nigeria and Pakistan.

When it comes to the U.S., births are projected to shift modestly from 3.7 million in 2025 to 3.8 million in 2050.

While declining fertility was often linked to rising incomes and women prioritizing careers, recent evidence points to a reversal. In fact, higher-income families in America have been having more children compared to lower-income families.

Learn More on the Voronoi App

To learn more about this topic, check out this graphic on fertility rates in Western-aligned countries.

Mapped: Recession Risk by State in 2025

2025-12-15 21:05:00

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Map showing recession risk by state in 2025.

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Mapped: Recession Risk by State in 2025

See visuals like this from many other data creators on our Voronoi app. Download it for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

Key Takeaways

  • As of October, 23 U.S. states face high recession risk, or are already in recession.
  • By contrast, 16 states, including Texas and Kentucky, are expanding based on analysis from Moody’s.

U.S. GDP is made up of many smaller, distinct state economies fueling national growth.

In 2025, states responsible for about a third of U.S. GDP are in recession, or face high recession risk. Another third are expanding, including Florida and Utah, based on payrolls, employment, and other key economic data.

This graphic shows recession risk by state in 2025, based on analysis from Mark Zandi, chief economist at Moody’s Analytics.

Where Recession Risk is Highest in America

To analyze recession risk, Zandi looks at state-level economic activity. This included a range of data such as unemployment, building permits, retail sales, industrial activity, delinquency rates, and tax revenues.

States were then categorized into three buckets based on these factors as of October 2025:

  • In Recession/High Risk
  • Treading Water
  • Expanding

State/District Business Cycle Status Share of U.S. GDP (%)
Georgia In Recession/High Risk 3.03
Montana In Recession/High Risk 0.25
Wyoming In Recession/High Risk 0.18
Michigan In Recession/High Risk 2.44
Massachusetts In Recession/High Risk 2.73
Mississippi In Recession/High Risk 0.53
Minnesota In Recession/High Risk 1.70
Kansas In Recession/High Risk 0.80
Rhode Island In Recession/High Risk 0.28
Delaware In Recession/High Risk 0.34
Washington In Recession/High Risk 3.02
Illinois In Recession/High Risk 3.85
West Virginia In Recession/High Risk 0.36
New Hampshire In Recession/High Risk 0.42
Maryland In Recession/High Risk 1.86
Virginia In Recession/High Risk 2.66
South Dakota In Recession/High Risk 0.25
Connecticut In Recession/High Risk 1.27
Oregon In Recession/High Risk 1.14
Iowa In Recession/High Risk 0.86
New Jersey In Recession/High Risk 2.93
Maine In Recession/High Risk 0.33
District of Columbia In Recession/High Risk 0.64
Missouri Treading Water 1.54
Ohio Treading Water 3.14
Hawaii Treading Water 0.39
Arkansas Treading Water 0.65
New Mexico Treading Water 0.49
Tennessee Treading Water 1.87
New York Treading Water 7.92
Vermont Treading Water 0.16
Alaska Treading Water 0.24
Colorado Treading Water 1.92
California Treading Water 14.50
Nevada Treading Water 0.86
South Carolina Expanding 1.18
Texas Expanding 9.41
Oklahoma Expanding 0.92
Idaho Expanding 0.43
Kentucky Expanding 0.99
Alabama Expanding 1.10
Indiana Expanding 1.81
Nebraska Expanding 0.63
North Carolina Expanding 2.86
Louisiana Expanding 1.11
Florida Expanding 5.78
North Dakota Expanding 0.26
Pennsylvania Expanding 3.54
Arizona Expanding 1.88
Wisconsin Expanding 1.53
Utah Expanding 1.02

Currently, many coastal, Northeastern states are facing some of the worst economic conditions.

In Maine, for instance, year-over-year GDP growth is just 0.8% as of Q2 2025, compared to the U.S. average of 2.1%. Meanwhile, Washington, D.C.’s unemployment rate was 6.4% in July, significantly higher than the 4.6% U.S. average given sweeping federal cuts.

According to Zandi’s analysis, New York and California are “Treading Water”, together responsible for driving over 22% of U.S. GDP.

In comparison, Texas, which fuels 9.4% of U.S. economic growth is expanding. Unemployment rates of 4.0% in July remain below the U.S. average. Additionally, the Texas economy is growing faster than the nation, while income growth rose 6.3% annually as of Q2 2025, outpacing the national average.

Learn More on the Voronoi App

To learn more about this topic, check out this graphic on unemployment by state in 2025.

Ranked: The Top 20 Most Expensive Artworks Sold at Auctions

2025-12-15 05:25:08

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Infographic ranking the top 20 most expensive artworks sold at auction, featuring artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Gustav Klimt, and Andy Warhol

Ranked: The Most Expensive Artworks Sold at an Auction

This was originally posted on our Voronoi app. Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

Key Takeaways

  • Leonardo da Vinci’s Salvator Mundi leads the list, selling for a record-breaking $450 million.
  • The only sculpture among the top 20 is Alberto Giacometti’s Pointing Man, which fetched $141.3 million.
  • Gustav Klimt’s Portrait of Elisabeth Lederer sold in 2025 for $236.4 million, making it the most expensive modern artwork ever auctioned.

Every year, art collectors and institutions spend hundreds of millions at auctions to acquire rare masterpieces. These high-profile sales reflect not just the cultural importance of the works, but also the powerful role of art as a symbol of status, legacy, and financial investment.

The dataset below ranks the top 20 most expensive artworks ever sold at auction, using figures from ARTnews and compiled visually by Julie Peasley.

Here’s the full ranking of the top-selling artworks at auction:

Rank Artwork Artist Amount sold for ($USD)
1 Salvator Mundi Leonardo da Vinci 450,300,000
2 Portrait of Elisabeth Lederer Gustav Klimt 236,400,000
3 Shot Sage Blue Marilyn Andy Warhol 195,000,000
4 Women of Algiers (Version ‘O’) Pablo Picasso 179,400,000
5 Reclining Nude Amedeo Modigliani 170,400,000
6 Reclining Nude (on Her Left Side) Amedeo Modigliani 157,200,000
7 Models (Small Version) Georges Seurat 149,200,000
8 Three Studies of Lucian Freud Francis Bacon 142,400,000
9 Pointing Man Alberto Giacometti 141,300,000
10 Twelve Screens of Landscapes Qi Baishi 140,800,000
11 Woman with a Watch Pablo Picasso 139,300,000
12 Mont Sainte-Victoire Paul Cezanne 137,700,000
13 Empire of Light Rene Magritte 121,160,000
14 The Scream Edvard Munch 119,900,000
15 Orchard with Cypresses Vincent van Gogh 117,620,000
16 Young Girl with a Flower Basket Pablo Picasso 115,000,000
17 Meules Claude Monet 110,700,000
18 Untitled (1982 Skull) Jean-Michel Basquiat 110,500,000
19 Lady with a Fan Gustav Klimt 108,400,000
20 Nude, Green Leaves and Bust Pablo Picasso 106,500,000

Among the top entries, a few highlights stand out: da Vinci’s Salvator Mundi towers above the rest with a $450 million sale price. Klimt’s 1914 portrait recently surpassed $236 million at Sotheby’s in 2025. Meanwhile, three paintings by Picasso appear in the top 20, underlining his continued dominance in the art world.

Why Are These Artworks So Expensive?

The sky-high prices of auctioned art often boil down to a mix of scarcity, provenance, cultural impact, and artist reputation. Fame begets fame as buyers pay a premium for historically significant works or pieces previously held in prestigious collections.

High-net-worth individuals often see fine art not just as a passion purchase but also as a long-term investment and a status symbol. These dynamics help explain why the most prized works, such as those by Klimt, Warhol, or Monet, reach nine-digit figures.

Why Some Artworks Are Auctioned, and Others Are Not

While auction houses like Sotheby’s, Christie’s, and Phillips attract headlines with record-breaking sales, not all valuable artworks are sold this way. Many are sold privately through dealers or art brokers, often to maintain discretion or avoid auction fees.

In recent auctions, there’s been a noticeable uptick in modern and contemporary works, such as Jean-Michel Basquiat and Andy Warhol, reflecting shifting tastes in the collector community.

Paintings vs. Other Mediums

Out of the top 20 most expensive artworks, only Giacometti’s Pointing Man is a sculpture. This reflects a broader dynamic highlighted in our previous piece on best-selling visual art mediums: paintings consistently command higher prices than other formats.

Factors such as display ease, historical tradition, and broad aesthetic appeal contribute to painting’s enduring dominance in the market.

Learn More on the Voronoi App

Looking to dive deeper into the legacy of artists like Vincent van Gogh? Check out our latest post on Voronoi: Where and when did van Gogh create his works.

Ranked: The Most Valuable NHL Teams in 2025

2025-12-15 01:51:32

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Graphic showing the most valuable NHL teams in 2025.

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Ranked: The Most Valuable NHL Teams in 2025

See visuals like this from many other data creators on our Voronoi app. Download it for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

Key Takeaways

  • The Edmonton Oilers generated record revenues during the 2024–25 season thanks to their deep Stanley Cup run.
  • Original Six teams still dominate the valuation rankings, while newer markets like Vegas and Seattle show rapid financial growth.

CNBC’s latest valuations for 2025 show that historic NHL franchises still command the highest price tags, but fast-growing teams in non-traditional markets are beginning to close the gap.

This visualization ranks all 32 NHL teams by their estimated enterprise value, alongside their revenues from the 2024–25 season.

Original Six Teams Continue to Lead

The Original Six are the six NHL teams that made up the league from 1942 to 1967, before major expansion began. All six teams are still active today, and together they account for a large share of the league’s Stanley Cup championships.

  • Montreal Canadiens
  • Toronto Maple Leafs
  • Boston Bruins
  • New York Rangers
  • Detroit Red Wings
  • Chicago Blackhawks

Currently, the Toronto Maple Leafs top our list at $4.3 billion, supported by a massive fanbase and strong media revenues. Close behind are the New York Rangers and Montreal Canadiens, both exceeding $3 billion in value.

Rank Team Value Revenue
1 Toronto Maple Leafs $4.3B $382M
2 New York Rangers $3.8B $322M
3 Montreal Canadiens $3.4B $324M
4 Los Angeles Kings $3.15B $347M
5 Edmonton Oilers $3.1B $431M
6 Boston Bruins $3.05B $281M
7 Chicago Blackhawks $2.75B $268M
8 Philadelphia Flyers $2.6B $315M
9 Washington Capitals $2.5B $269M
10 Detroit Red Wings $2.47B $251M
11 New Jersey Devils $2.45B $300M
12 Vancouver Canucks $2.2B $234M
13 Vegas Golden Knights $2.1B $243M
14 Dallas Stars $2.05B $252M
15 Carolina Hurricanes $2B $212M
16 Tampa Bay Lightning $1.95B $237M
17 Calgary Flames $1.93B $189M
18 Minnesota Wild $1.9B $250M
19 Colorado Avalanche $1.85B $207M
20 New York Islanders $1.82B $208M
21 Seattle Kraken $1.77B $191M
22 Pittsburgh Penguins $1.76B $206M
23 Florida Panthers $1.75B $235M
24 Nashville Predators $1.65B $192M
25 St. Louis Blues $1.62B $197M
26 Anaheim Ducks $1.61B $175M
27 Utah Mammoth $1.6B $200M
28 San Jose Sharks $1.55B $176M
29 Winnipeg Jets $1.46B $182M
30 Ottawa Senators $1.44B $169M
31 Buffalo Sabres $1.42B $176M
32 Columbus Blue Jackets $1.4B $164M

Oilers’ Deep Playoff Run Drives Record Revenues

The Edmonton Oilers stand out with the highest revenue figure in the league at $431 million. Their run to the Stanley Cup Finals in 2024–25 generated a surge in ticket sales, merchandise, and broadcast interest. As a result, Edmonton now ranks among the league’s most valuable franchises at $3.1 billion.

Expansion Teams Show Rapid Market Growth

Outside traditional hockey markets, teams like the Vegas Golden Knights and Seattle Kraken continue to build enterprise value quickly. Vegas, valued at $2.1 billion, has established a strong regional and tourism-driven fanbase. Seattle follows at $1.77 billion, reflecting strong ownership investment and enthusiastic local support.

The Utah Mammoth—a recently relocated franchise—also enter the rankings with a solid $1.6 billion valuation, showing the league’s expansion strategy continues to pay off.

Learn More on the Voronoi App

If you enjoyed today’s post, check out Ranked: The Highest Pro Athlete Salaries, by Sport on Voronoi, the new app from Visual Capitalist.