2026-03-05 00:55:19
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Supercomputers are used for everything from weather forecasting and high-powered simulations to artificial intelligence and defense.
The number of supercomputers a country has gives an indication of their technological and economic positioning, and how they prioritize frontier research.
This graphic ranks the countries with the most supercomputers, and the data comes from TOP500’s November 2025 list.
The U.S., the birthplace of supercomputers, dominates the list at 171. The figure is four times higher the number of supercomputers Japan has, which comes in second place at 43.
The data table below shows the number of supercomputers per country as of November 2025:
| Country | Supercomputers |
|---|---|
 United States |
171 |
 Japan |
43 |
 Germany |
40 |
 China |
40 |
 France |
23 |
 Canada |
19 |
 Italy |
18 |
 South Korea |
15 |
 Taiwan |
10 |
 Brazil |
10 |
 Norway |
9 |
 United Kingdom |
9 |
 Sweden |
8 |
 Poland |
8 |
 Netherlands |
7 |
 Saudi Arabia |
7 |
 India |
6 |
 Singapore |
5 |
 United Arab Emirates |
5 |
 Russia |
5 |
 Australia |
4 |
 Finland |
3 |
 Switzerland |
3 |
 Israel |
3 |
 Czechia |
3 |
 Spain |
3 |
 Slovenia |
2 |
 Ireland |
2 |
 Austria |
2 |
 Kazakhstan |
2 |
 Thailand |
2 |
 Turkey |
2 |
 Iceland |
1 |
 Luxembourg |
1 |
 Slovakia |
1 |
 Denmark |
1 |
 Bulgaria |
1 |
 Hungary |
1 |
 Portugal |
1 |
 Belgium |
1 |
 Morocco |
1 |
 Argentina |
1 |
 Vietnam |
1 |
China and Germany trail closely, tied in third and fourth place at 40 supercomputers.
The ranking is significantly top-heavy, as the top three countries have more supercomputers than all the other 43 countries combined. In total, 26 countries have five or fewer supercomputers each, while 11 have just one supercomputer.
It is not necessarily smaller countries that have fewer supercomputers. Singapore, for example, has the same number as Russia and India at five. The Singaporean government recently launched a supercomputing hub as it looks to become Southeast Asia’s AI leader.
Demand for supercomputers is increasing alongside AI, which requires massive computational power to be trained and run, which far surpass what regular computers are capable of.
There are different types of supercomputers but generally they can crunch vast and complex datasets at speed, far surpassing humanity’s capabilities. By outputting useful information, supercomputers are used to make decisions across health, climate, and material science, which is why they are tipped to hold the key to some of society’s greatest challenges.
Nordic countries actually share access to their supercomputers in efforts to “enable excellence” and contribute towards the UN’s sustainable Development Goals.
The Finland-based LUMI supercomputer, the ninth most powerful in the world, was set up specifically with this in mind; it is hosted by a consortium of 10 countries, including the Nordics and their neighbor Estonia, to share resources and increase researcher access to some of the world’s most powerful computers.
The EU-funded RAISE center was set to develop novel AI technologies that can run effectively on supercomputers, while the U.S. is ramping up partnerships with AI companies to stack its national labs with powerful compute clusters.
To learn more about supercomputers, check out this graphic on Voronoi which breaks down the largest computing clusters.
2026-03-04 22:23:25
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Over the next five years, nearly half of all projected global GDP growth is expected to come from just three countries: China, the United States, and India.
While nearly every economy is projected to expand through 2030, the bulk of new output will be concentrated among a small group of heavyweight nations.
This ranking looks at which nations are expected to add the most to global GDP between 2026 and 2030, based on IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO) projections. Importantly, these figures reflect nominal GDP increases in U.S. dollars and are not in real terms (i.e. adjusted for inflation).
China ranks first in total GDP added, projected to expand by $5.7 trillion between 2026 and 2030. The United States follows closely behind at $5.0 trillion. Despite slower percentage growth compared to emerging markets, their sheer size means even modest expansion translates into massive dollar gains.
| Rank | Country | GDP Added (2026-2030, $Billions), Projected |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
China |
$5,686.2 |
| 2 |
United States |
$4,993.0 |
| 3 |
India |
$2,122.4 |
| 4 |
United Kingdom |
$974.1 |
| 5 |
Germany |
$685.6 |
| 6 |
Japan |
$656.3 |
| 7 |
 Indonesia |
$528.9 |
| 8 |
Brazil |
$521.8 |
| 9 |
Canada |
$489.6 |
| 10 |
France |
$450.6 |
| 11 |
 Mexico |
$411.3 |
| 12 |
Australia |
$387.0 |
| 13 |
Türkiye |
$385.7 |
| 14 |
Spain |
$338.2 |
| 15 |
South Korea |
$334.5 |
| 16 |
Russia |
$320.4 |
| 17 |
Italy |
$283.5 |
| 18 |
Saudi Arabia |
$280.2 |
| 19 |
Poland |
$276.4 |
| 20 |
 Philippines |
$212.6 |
| 21 |
Taiwan |
$198.4 |
| 22 |
 Bangladesh |
$197.5 |
| 23 |
Netherlands |
$194.5 |
| 24 |
 Egypt |
$190.3 |
| 25 |
Switzerland |
$184.5 |
| 26 |
Argentina |
$174.7 |
| 27 |
UAE |
$163.7 |
| 28 |
Vietnam |
$155.7 |
| 29 |
 Malaysia |
$141.1 |
| 30 |
 Iran |
$135.7 |
| 31 |
Israel |
$132.7 |
| 32 |
Ireland |
$130.7 |
| 33 |
Sweden |
$120.6 |
| 34 |
Singapore |
$115.1 |
| 35 |
Kazakhstan |
$109.7 |
| 36 |
 Nigeria |
$109.3 |
| 37 |
Thailand |
$92.6 |
| 38 |
 Ethiopia |
$92.2 |
| 39 |
 Colombia |
$90.5 |
| 40 |
 Hong Kong SAR |
$90.3 |
| 41 |
Belgium |
$88.1 |
| 42 |
Denmark |
$85.8 |
| 43 |
 Uzbekistan |
$81.6 |
| 44 |
Austria |
$81.1 |
| 45 |
Norway |
$74.1 |
| 46 |
 Iraq |
$72.0 |
| 47 |
 Romania |
$69.5 |
| 48 |
Czech Republic |
$68.5 |
| 49 |
 South Africa |
$68.4 |
| 50 |
 Chile |
$67.8 |
Meanwhile, India stands out as the only country to appear in both top-10 lists—ranking third in total GDP added (+$2.1 trillion) while also placing in the top 10 for percentage growth.
Beyond China, the U.S., and India, other major contributors include the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, Indonesia, Brazil, and Canada.
Collectively, the top 10 countries account for 66.5% of all projected GDP added globally through 2030.
While the largest economies dominate in absolute dollar gains, the fastest percentage growth is projected to come from much smaller markets.
Suriname, Malawi, and Ethiopia are expected to be the fastest-growing economies in percentage terms through 2030.
| Rank | Country | GDP Growth (2026-2030), Forecast |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
 Suriname |
137% |
| 2 |
 Malawi |
75.4% |
| 3 |
Ethiopia |
73.3% |
| 4 |
 Guinea |
54.5% |
| 5 |
Uzbekistan |
51.2% |
| 6 |
 Yemen |
49.5% |
| 7 |
 Zambia |
48.6% |
| 8 |
Egypt |
47.6% |
| 9 |
 Uganda |
47.2% |
| 10 |
India |
47.1% |
| 11 |
 Madagascar |
46.9% |
| 12 |
 Guyana |
46.5% |
| 13 |
 Tanzania |
45.3% |
| 14 |
 Bhutan |
44.9% |
| 15 |
 Turkmenistan |
43.8% |
| 16 |
 São Tomé & Príncipe |
43.8% |
| 17 |
 Mozambique |
43.4% |
| 18 |
 Nepal |
42.8% |
| 19 |
 Moldova |
42.7% |
| 20 |
 Sudan |
40.8% |
Suriname is projected to add $6.7 billion to its economy, expanding from a $4.9 billion base in 2026—an increase of roughly 137%. Malawi is expected to grow by $13.5 billion on a $17.9 billion base, marking a gain of about 75%. Ethiopia will add $92.2 billion to its $125.7 billion economy, a rise of approximately 73%.
If you enjoyed today’s post, check out Wealth Needed to Be in The Richest 1% (by Country) on Voronoi, the new app from Visual Capitalist.
2026-03-04 01:47:13
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Iran has long faced international sanctions over its nuclear program.
Under President Trump, the U.S. intensified pressure by imposing a broad trading ban and targeting foreign financial institutions that did business with Iran, aiming to curb its nuclear ambitions.
The expanded sanctions left only a small group of countries willing to trade with Iran, the fourth-largest oil producer in OPEC and a major fossil fuel exporter.
This graphic charts the largest purchasers of Iranian oil, based on 2024 customs data from Iran, via TradeImeX.
Dive into the data below:
| Rank | Country | Export Value ($B) | Share of Total (%) | Estimated Volume (Thousand bpd) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
China |
32.5 | 90.8 | 1460 |
| 2 |
 Syria |
1.18 | 3.3 | 53 |
| 3 |
United Arab Emirates |
0.72 | 2 | 32 |
| 4 |
 Venezuela |
0.43 | 1.2 | 19 |
| 5 |
Iraq |
0.32 | 0.9 | 14 |
| 6 |
Turkey |
0.22 | 0.6 | 10 |
| 7 |
Malaysia |
0.14 | 0.4 | 6 |
| 8 |
 Oman |
0.11 | 0.3 | 5 |
| 9 |
 Lebanon |
0.07 | 0.2 | 3 |
| 10 |
 Sri Lanka |
0.07 | 0.2 | 3 |
Iran earned $35.76 billion from oil exports in 2024, though much of that trade reflects geopolitical alignment as much as market demand.
China took the lion’s share, accounting for over 90% of exports, or $32.5 billion. As other countries reduced imports under international sanctions, China continued buying Iranian crude at scale, cementing its role as Tehran’s primary energy partner.
Syria was the only other country to surpass $1 billion in purchases, importing roughly $1.2 billion worth of oil in 2024, or 3.3% of total exports. The United Arab Emirates and Venezuela followed at 2% and 1.2%, respectively.
In Venezuela’s case, energy trade has included an agreement to swap Venezuelan oil for Iranian condensate amid both countries facing U.S. sanctions.
The list of countries that Iran sells to has shrunk in recent years as sanctions reshaped trade flows. In 2010, Iranian oil landed in the ports of more than 20 countries, including China, Japan, India, South Korea, and several European nations. Sanctions did not halt exports entirely, but they redirected them toward a far smaller group of buyers.
Today, Iran relies on a shadow fleet of re-flagged tankers and ship-to-ship transfers to obscure cargo origins and bypass restrictions. Price is another incentive: Iranian crude typically trades at a $3–9 per barrel discount to Brent. Its oil is relatively cheap to extract — costing as little as $10 per barrel — compared with Brent prices around $60. That discount is estimated to cost Tehran several billion dollars per year in forgone revenue, effectively the price of maintaining a limited customer base.
To learn more about Iran’s exports, check out this creator graphic which charts the country’s top export destinations.
2026-03-03 23:53:00
Cyber intrusions rarely follow a single path once attackers get a foothold. Instead, they pivot across systems to widen impact and deepen damage.
This graphic, in partnership with Unit 42 by Palo Alto Networks, shows how the fastest incidents are accelerating, based on data from Unit 42’s Global Incident Response Report.
Here is a table that shows first-quartile time to exfiltration in 2024 vs. 2025.
| Year | First-Quartile Time to Exfiltration (Minutes) |
|---|---|
| 2024 | 276 |
| 2025 | 72 |
Unit 42 tracks “time to exfiltration,” which spans initial compromise to confirmed data theft. Because attackers move quickly, that clock often decides whether defenders can interrupt the mission.
Across Unit 42’s dataset, the median time to exfiltration measured about two days. However, the fastest cases compress that timeline dramatically, which raises the cost of any delay.
In the first quartile, time to exfiltration fell from 276 minutes in 2024 to 72 minutes in 2025. As a result, teams lose hours of investigation time in the intrusions that move fastest.
Unit 42 also reports that roughly one in five cases can reach exfiltration in under an hour. Consequently, detection, triage, and containment must begin immediately, not after escalation.
Meanwhile, some intrusions still unfold over days, with deeper reconnaissance and persistence. Therefore, teams need both rapid playbooks and sustained hunting.
They can start by tightening identity controls, instrumenting endpoints and browsers, and automating containment steps.
Finally, measure the mean time to detect and respond, then rehearse decisions before an incident hits. When the speed of cyberattacks defines outcomes, readiness becomes a core control.
See where attackers pivot after initial access, and why stopping cyber intrusions takes more than a single layer of defense.
See how cyberattackers gain access by abusing identity, credentials, sessions, and permissions—and what to fix first.
2026-03-03 22:53:07
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The Strait of Hormuz is one of the world’s most critical energy chokepoints, with both exporters and importers of crude oil heavily reliant on flows through the Strait.
This visualization maps which countries export crude oil and condensate through the Strait of Hormuz—and, more importantly, which countries import those flows. The data is from the U.S. Energy Information Administration and is for Q1 2025.
Oil flows through the Strait of Hormuz are heavily concentrated among a few Gulf producers. Saudi Arabia accounts for the largest share of crude and condensate exports transiting the strait, at 37.2% of the total.
The data table below breaks down the origin countries and their shares of crude oil and condensate exports through the Strait of Hormuz as of Q1 2025:
| Country | Share of the Strait of Hormuz's Oil and Condensate Exports |
|---|---|
|
Saudi Arabia |
37.2% |
|
Iraq |
22.8% |
|
United Arab Emirates |
12.9% |
|
Iran |
10.6% |
 Kuwait |
10.1% |
 Qatar |
4.4% |
| Other | 1.9% |
Iraq follows with 22.8%, while the United Arab Emirates contributes 12.9%. Iran (10.6%) and Kuwait (10.1%) round out the top five exporters. Together, these five countries account for 93.6% of all crude and condensate volumes moving through the strait.
This concentration underscores how closely global oil markets are tied to production in the Persian Gulf.
With recent military conflict in the Middle East and Iran’s announcement that it would attack any ship passing through the Strait, more than 20% of global oil flows are now at risk.
On the demand side, Asia is overwhelmingly reliant on oil shipments through the Strait of Hormuz. Asian countries collectively receive 89.2% of the crude oil and condensate that transit the waterway.
The data table below shows the destination countries and their shares of crude oil and condensate exports through the Strait of Hormuz as of Q1 2025:
| Country | Share of Oil and Condensate Imports From the Strait of Hormuz |
|---|---|
|
China |
37.7% |
|
India |
14.7% |
| Other Asia | 13.9% |
|
South Korea |
12.0% |
|
Japan |
10.9% |
 Europe |
3.8% |
|
United States |
2.5% |
| Other | 4.5% |
China alone accounts for 37.7% of total flows—more than any other country by a wide margin. India is the second-largest destination at 14.7%, followed by South Korea at 12.0% and Japan at 10.9%. Other Asian countries make up 13.9% of crude oil and condensate flows that pass through the Strait.
In contrast, the United States receives just 2.5% of these flows, reflecting its increased domestic production and diversified import sources.
Any closure or disruption of the Strait of Hormuz would disproportionately impact Asian economies, particularly China and India, which together receive over half of all volumes passing through the strait.
To learn more about global crude oil trade flows, check out this graphic visualizing 2024’s biggest crude oil exporters and importers on Voronoi.
2026-03-03 21:56:21
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In response to large-scale airstrikes by the U.S. and Israel on February 28, 2026, Iran launched a series of retaliatory airstrikes on U.S. military assets across the Middle East.
The U.S. has had a substantial military presence in the Middle East for decades, including most notably during the two Gulf Wars. Today between 40,000-50,000 American military personnel are stationed across roughly 10 countries in the region.
This map shows the locations of unclassified U.S. military bases and assets across the Middle East, using modified 2025 data from the Council on Foreign Relations.
Notably, in addition to targeting formal military facilities such as the Al Dhafra base in the United Arab Emirates, the Iranian military also attacked commercial facilities which are used by the U.S. military such as the ports of Duqm and Jebel Ali.
The most concentrated U.S. military presence in the Middle East is in and around the Persian Gulf, which is home to the largest single source of petroleum worldwide.
The U.S. has military bases in each of the Gulf states except Iran, with Qatar holding the largest single regional base at Al Udeid Air Base. Over 10,000 U.S. military personnel are stationed in that base alone.
The data table below highlights unclassified U.S. military assets around the Middle East, and their status in the current conflict as of March 2nd:
| U.S. Military Asset | Country | Targeted by Iran? |
|---|---|---|
| Ain al-Asad Air Base |
Iraq |
Yes |
| Akrotiri (RAF) |
 Cyprus (UK base with U.S. troops) |
Yes |
| Al Dhafra Air Base |
United Arab Emirates |
Yes |
| Al Udeid Air Base |
Qatar |
Yes |
| Ali Al-Salem Air Base |
Kuwait |
Yes |
| Camp Arifjan |
Kuwait |
No |
| Camp As Sayliyah |
Qatar |
No |
| Camp Buehring |
Kuwait |
Yes |
| Camp Lemonnier |
 Djibouti |
No |
| Duqm Port |
Oman |
Yes |
| Erbil Air Base (Al-Harir) |
Iraq |
Yes |
| Incirlik Air Base |
Türkiye |
No |
| Israel (no base) |
Israel |
Yes |
| Izmir Air Station |
Türkiye |
No |
| Jebel Ali Port |
UAE |
Yes |
| MFO South Camp (Sinai) |
Egypt |
No |
| Muwaffaq al-Salti Air Base |
 Jordan |
Yes |
| NE Syria (various) |
Syria |
No |
| NSA Bahrain |
 Bahrain |
Yes |
| Prince Sultan Air Base |
Saudi Arabia |
Yes |
| Thumrait / Masirah |
Oman |
No |
| Tower 22 |
Jordan |
No |
Over 13,500 soldiers are stationed in Kuwait, with this small Gulf country welcoming hefty U.S. military personnel following the Gulf Wars. All but one U.S.-Kuwaiti base has been targeted by Iran.
The U.S. also holds Middle Eastern bases beyond the immediate vicinity of Iran, and some of these facilities were also the target of Iranian drones and missiles.
The British airbase of Akrotiri in Cyprus, which hosts U.S. troops, faced a sustained drone attack alleged to have been carried out by the Iran-backed Lebanese paramilitary group Hezbollah. This marks the first attack on a European country within this conflict.
Nearby Israel was also bombarded, while Jordan’s Muwaffaq al-Salti Air Base intercepted missiles over what appeared to be Iran’s farthest land target.
Notably, none of the U.S. military installations in nearby Djibouti, Egypt, or Türkiye appear to have been targeted.
The U.S. and Israeli strikes which began on February 28th decimated much of Iran’s top leadership, including Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei as well as over 40 others.
Iran’s avowed retaliation has already placed U.S. military personnel across the Middle East on high alert. While the U.S. government has indicated its expectation that the conflict could last for weeks, the significant escalation has already had a severe impact on global markets, owing to the Persian Gulf’s central role in the world’s oil and gas industry.
If you enjoyed today’s post, check out How Big is Iran? on Voronoi, the new app from Visual Capitalist.
