2026-04-23 21:36:05
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Nvidia’s grip on the AI boom remains overwhelming.
In Q4 2025, the company shipped nearly two-thirds of all measured AI compute capacity—more than its closest competitors combined. While Google, Amazon, and others are scaling up their own chips, the gap between first and second place remains striking.
This visualization, part of Visual Capitalist’s AI Week sponsored by Terzo, ranks the world’s largest AI chip designers using data from Epoch AI’s Chip Sales database, which estimates compute capacity across leading architectures.
Even as more companies entered the AI chip market, one still towered over the rest in Q4 2025: Nvidia.
To make different chips comparable, the data is converted into “H100 equivalents”—a standardized measure based on Nvidia’s flagship AI GPU.
| Rank | Manufacturer | Q4 2025 Chip Sales (H100 equivalents) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nvidia | 2,957,362 |
| 2 | 976,313 | |
| 3 | AMD | 226,485 |
| 4 | Amazon | 221,354 |
| 5 | Huawei | 131,964 |
Nvidia didn’t just lead—it dominated. Its 2.96 million H100-equivalent shipments in Q4 2025 exceeded the combined total of every other company in this ranking.
AMD (226k) and Amazon (221k) formed a much smaller second tier, followed by Huawei (132k). Together, the rankings show that while the market is broadening, AI compute shipments remain highly concentrated at the top.
As demand for AI infrastructure accelerates, the key question is whether competitors can meaningfully close this gap or whether Nvidia’s early lead will translate into long-term dominance of the AI stack.
This chart measures compute capacity, not units sold or revenue. Epoch AI defines H100e as H100-equivalent compute capacity, converting each chip’s peak dense 8-bit operations into the equivalent number of Nvidia H100 GPUs.
Epoch AI uses this measure because it is more intuitive than citing raw operations per second across different chip families.
Still, the firm notes that H100e is an imperfect proxy, since real-world performance also depends on factors like memory bandwidth, software ecosystems, and how chips are networked into servers and clusters.
These figures are estimates rather than exact reported sales. Epoch AI says chipmakers do not consistently disclose precise volumes, and most of its uncertainty ranges span roughly a factor of 2x around the median estimate.
The dataset also does not track all AI chip production. Instead, it focuses on the largest designers of dedicated AI accelerators—Nvidia, Google, Amazon, AMD, and Huawei—which Epoch AI says account for the large majority of global AI compute capacity.
If you enjoyed today’s post, check out The Global Semiconductor Industry, by Market Cap on Voronoi.
2026-04-23 19:41:38
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Gas prices may grab headlines, but they don’t tell the full story of what Americans actually spend to fuel their cars.
This map estimates monthly gas costs by state using April 15, 2026 fuel prices and average driving distances from the Federal Highway Administration, via FinanceBuzz.
The key pattern: distance drives cost. In lower-density states, longer commutes push monthly spending far above the national average, while dense Northeast states benefit from shorter trips and significantly lower fuel bills.
The table below shows estimated monthly gas costs, based on April 15, 2026 fuel prices by state, average miles driven per driver, and a fuel efficiency of 25.6 miles per gallon.
| Rank | State | Avg. Monthly Spend | Price of Gas (Apr 15th) | Annual Miles Per Driver |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wyoming | $279 | $3.89 | 21,986 |
| 2 | Indiana | $244 | $3.88 | 19,296 |
| 3 | Mississippi | $243 | $3.74 | 19,910 |
| 4 | New Mexico | $236 | $3.96 | 18,321 |
| 5 | Missouri | $228 | $3.67 | 19,049 |
| 6 | California | $225 | $5.88 | 11,780 |
| 7 | Alabama | $221 | $3.84 | 17,728 |
| 8 | Utah | $216 | $4.21 | 15,725 |
| 9 | Kentucky | $212 | $3.98 | 16,330 |
| 10 | Tennessee | $208 | $3.86 | 16,558 |
| 11 | Idaho | $207 | $4.34 | 14,643 |
| 12 | North Dakota | $207 | $3.62 | 17,560 |
| 13 | Nevada | $205 | $4.96 | 12,716 |
| 14 | Arkansas | $205 | $3.65 | 17,287 |
| 15 | Arizona | $205 | $4.66 | 13,501 |
| 16 | Hawaii | $204 | $5.65 | 11,115 |
| 17 | Oklahoma | $202 | $3.44 | 18,031 |
| 18 | Georgia | $201 | $3.68 | 16,763 |
| 19 | Louisiana | $201 | $3.75 | 16,452 |
| 20 | Montana | $200 | $3.90 | 15,775 |
| 21 | Vermont | $200 | $4.09 | 15,048 |
| 22 | Texas | $198 | $3.77 | 16,125 |
| 23 | Oregon | $195 | $5.00 | 12,016 |
| 24 | Virginia | $192 | $3.97 | 14,877 |
| 25 | Wisconsin | $192 | $3.78 | 15,580 |
| 26 | Florida | $191 | $4.15 | 14,179 |
| 27 | North Carolina | $191 | $3.86 | 15,198 |
| 28 | South Carolina | $186 | $3.79 | 15,075 |
| 29 | Maine | $186 | $4.02 | 14,185 |
| 30 | South Dakota | $185 | $3.68 | 15,424 |
| 31 | Kansas | $182 | $3.51 | 15,941 |
| 32 | West Virginia | $180 | $3.93 | 14,091 |
| 33 | Nebraska | $179 | $3.63 | 15,157 |
| 34 | Washington | $178 | $5.39 | 10,125 |
| 35 | Maryland | $177 | $4.10 | 13,228 |
| 36 | Illinois | $173 | $4.36 | 12,154 |
| 37 | Minnesota | $172 | $3.71 | 14,272 |
| 38 | Alaska | $169 | $4.64 | 11,173 |
| 39 | Iowa | $167 | $3.65 | 14,077 |
| 40 | Ohio | $165 | $3.80 | 13,345 |
| 41 | Michigan | $165 | $3.92 | 12,906 |
| 42 | New Hampshire | $161 | $3.96 | 12,511 |
| 43 | Massachusetts | $161 | $3.97 | 12,472 |
| 44 | Colorado | $160 | $3.96 | 12,426 |
| 45 | Connecticut | $159 | $4.08 | 11,974 |
| 46 | Pennsylvania | $151 | $4.13 | 11,189 |
| 47 | New Jersey | $150 | $4.00 | 11,536 |
| 48 | Delaware | $140 | $3.97 | 10,854 |
| 49 | Rhode Island | $135 | $3.97 | 10,411 |
| 50 | New York | $132 | $4.13 | 9,815 |
| -- |
U.S. State Average |
$190 | $4.07 | 14,558 |
Drivers in the most expensive states spend more than twice as much per month on gas as those in the cheapest—driven largely by how far they travel, not just fuel prices.
Wyoming drivers face the highest monthly gas costs, at $279. Wyoming drivers log over 1,830 miles per month—more than 50% above the U.S. average—making distance the primary driver of their higher fuel costs.
In contrast, New York drivers spend $132 per month, the least nationwide. Given its high density, drivers average 817 miles per month on the road, the lowest overall. A cluster of Northeast states follow, including Rhode Island ($135), and Delaware ($140), all with low mileage rates.
The gap shows that where you live can matter more than gas prices themselves when it comes to monthly fuel costs.
Ultimately, gas prices tell only part of the story.
For many Americans, especially in rural states, distance—not price—is the biggest driver of fuel costs. That means even if gas prices fall, millions could still face high monthly bills simply because of how far they need to travel.
From dense Northeast states to wide-open Western regions, where you live can mean paying thousands more per year just to get around. And with gas prices still volatile in 2026, that gap could widen even further.
To learn more about this topic, check out this graphic on the most reliable used-car brands in America.
2026-04-23 02:06:33
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The world’s population is projected to grow by 1.4 billion people by 2050—but that growth is becoming increasingly concentrated in a handful of regions.
Using data from the United Nations’ World Population Prospects 2024, this map shows where populations are rising fastest—and where they are entering long-term decline. The contrast is stark: parts of sub-Saharan Africa are set to nearly double in size, while several of the world’s largest economies are projected to shrink significantly.
These shifts will reshape labor markets, economic growth, and global influence over the coming decades.
The most dramatic population increases are concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa, where several countries are on track to nearly double in size by 2050.
The Democratic Republic of Congo leads globally, with its population projected to surge by over 100 million people (+93%). Close behind are countries like Niger, Angola, and Somalia.
The table below shows population forecasts across 195 countries worldwide:
| Rank | Country | Population 2025 (M) | Population 2050 (M) | Change 2020- 2025 |
% Change 2020- 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
DR Congo |
112.8 | 218.2 | +105.4M | 93.4% |
| 2 |
Central African Republic |
5.5 | 10.6 | +5.1M | 92.6% |
| 3 |
Angola |
39 | 74.3 | +35.3M | 90.3% |
| 4 |
Somalia |
19.7 | 37.2 | +17.6M | 89.3% |
| 5 |
Niger |
27.9 | 52.5 | +24.6M | 88.1% |
| 6 |
Chad |
21 | 38.9 | +17.9M | 85.0% |
| 7 |
Tanzania |
70.5 | 129.6 | +59.1M | 83.7% |
| 8 |
Mali |
25.2 | 46.2 | +21.0M | 83.2% |
| 9 |
Mozambique |
35.6 | 63.5 | +27.9M | 78.3% |
| 10 |
Mauritania |
5.3 | 9.4 | +4.1M | 77.1% |
| 11 |
Afghanistan |
43.8 | 76.9 | +33.0M | 75.4% |
| 12 |
Zambia |
21.9 | 38.1 | +16.2M | 73.8% |
| 13 |
Cameroon |
29.9 | 51.1 | +21.2M | 71.0% |
| 14 |
Cote d'Ivoire |
32.7 | 55.7 | +23.0M | 70.4% |
| 15 |
Yemen |
41.8 | 71 | +29.2M | 69.9% |
| 16 |
Congo |
6.5 | 11 | +4.5M | 69.7% |
| 17 |
Malawi |
22.2 | 37.4 | +15.1M | 68.2% |
| 18 |
Burundi |
14.4 | 24.1 | +9.7M | 67.7% |
| 19 |
Uganda |
51.4 | 85.4 | +34.0M | 66.3% |
| 20 |
Ethiopia |
135.5 | 225 | +89.5M | 66.1% |
| 21 |
Sudan |
51.7 | 85.2 | +33.5M | 64.9% |
| 22 |
Benin |
14.8 | 24.4 | +9.6M | 64.9% |
| 23 |
Madagascar |
32.7 | 53.2 | +20.4M | 62.4% |
| 24 |
Equatorial Guinea |
1.9 | 3.1 | +1.2M | 62.2% |
| 25 |
Senegal |
18.9 | 30.4 | +11.4M | 60.4% |
| 26 |
Togo |
9.7 | 15.6 | +5.9M | 60.3% |
| 27 |
Vanuatu |
0.3 | 0.5 | +199K | 59.4% |
| 28 |
Eritrea |
3.6 | 5.7 | +2.1M | 57.9% |
| 29 |
Gabon |
2.6 | 4.1 | +1.5M | 57.5% |
| 30 |
Solomon Islands |
0.8 | 1.3 | +470K | 56.1% |
| 31 |
Rwanda |
14.6 | 22.7 | +8.1M | 55.9% |
| 32 |
Liberia |
5.7 | 8.9 | +3.2M | 55.5% |
| 33 |
Burkina Faso |
24.1 | 37.3 | +13.2M | 55.0% |
| 34 |
Guinea |
15.1 | 23.4 | +8.3M | 55.0% |
| 35 |
Iraq |
47 | 71.9 | +24.9M | 53.0% |
| 36 |
Guinea-Bissau |
2.2 | 3.4 | +1.2M | 52.9% |
| 37 |
Zimbabwe |
17 | 25.9 | +8.9M | 52.6% |
| 38 |
Gambia |
2.8 | 4.3 | +1.5M | 52.4% |
| 39 |
Sao Tome and Principe |
0.2 | 0.4 | +125K | 52.0% |
| 40 |
Nigeria |
237.5 | 359.2 | +121.7M | 51.2% |
| 41 |
Palestine |
5.6 | 8.5 | +2.9M | 51.2% |
| 42 |
South Sudan |
12.2 | 18.3 | +6.2M | 50.5% |
| 43 |
Comoros |
0.9 | 1.3 | +425K | 48.1% |
| 44 |
Syria |
25.6 | 37.8 | +12.2M | 47.5% |
| 45 |
Sierra Leone |
8.8 | 12.9 | +4.1M | 46.8% |
| 46 |
Namibia |
3.1 | 4.5 | +1.4M | 45.9% |
| 47 |
Pakistan |
255.2 | 371.9 | +116.6M | 45.7% |
| 48 |
Kenya |
57.5 | 83.6 | +26.1M | 45.3% |
| 49 |
Tajikistan |
10.8 | 15.6 | +4.8M | 44.4% |
| 50 |
Ghana |
35.1 | 50.6 | +15.5M | 44.2% |
| 51 |
Vatican City |
0.001 | 0.001 | 213 | 42.5% |
| 52 |
Oman |
5.5 | 7.8 | +2.3M | 42.4% |
| 53 |
Jordan |
11.5 | 16.4 | +4.8M | 42.1% |
| 54 |
Uzbekistan |
37.1 | 52.2 | +15.2M | 40.9% |
| 55 |
Papua New Guinea |
10.8 | 14.9 | +4.1M | 38.5% |
| 56 |
Saudi Arabia |
34.6 | 47.7 | +13.1M | 38.0% |
| 57 |
Israel |
9.5 | 13.1 | +3.6M | 37.6% |
| 58 |
Egypt |
118.4 | 161.6 | +43.3M | 36.6% |
| 59 |
United Arab Emirates |
11.3 | 15.4 | +4.0M | 35.4% |
| 60 |
Honduras |
11 | 14.8 | +3.8M | 34.9% |
| 61 |
Botswana |
2.6 | 3.4 | +875K | 34.2% |
| 62 |
Kiribati |
0.1 | 0.2 | +46.1K | 33.8% |
| 63 |
Qatar |
3.1 | 4.2 | +1.0M | 33.7% |
| 64 |
Timor-Leste |
1.4 | 1.9 | +471K | 33.2% |
| 65 |
Kyrgyzstan |
7.3 | 9.6 | +2.3M | 32.2% |
| 66 |
Guatemala |
18.7 | 24.7 | +6.0M | 32.0% |
| 67 |
Nauru |
0 | 0 | +3.7K | 31.0% |
| 68 |
Bahrain |
1.6 | 2.1 | +496K | 30.2% |
| 69 |
Djibouti |
1.2 | 1.5 | +346K | 29.3% |
| 70 |
Bolivia |
12.6 | 16.1 | +3.5M | 28.0% |
| 71 |
Mongolia |
3.5 | 4.5 | +984K | 28.0% |
| 72 |
Kazakhstan |
20.8 | 26.5 | +5.7M | 27.3% |
| 73 |
Kuwait |
5 | 6.4 | +1.3M | 26.7% |
| 74 |
Lesotho |
2.4 | 3 | +630K | 26.6% |
| 75 |
Turkmenistan |
7.6 | 9.6 | +2.0M | 26.5% |
| 76 |
Algeria |
47.4 | 59.6 | +12.1M | 25.6% |
| 77 |
Nicaragua |
7 | 8.8 | +1.7M | 25.0% |
| 78 |
Samoa |
0.2 | 0.3 | +53.4K | 24.4% |
| 79 |
Libya |
7.5 | 9.3 | +1.8M | 24.2% |
| 80 |
Laos |
7.9 | 9.8 | +1.9M | 23.9% |
| 81 |
Haiti |
11.9 | 14.7 | +2.8M | 23.6% |
| 82 |
Paraguay |
7 | 8.6 | +1.6M | 23.2% |
| 83 |
Panama |
4.6 | 5.6 | +1.1M | 23.2% |
| 84 |
Malaysia |
36 | 44.3 | +8.3M | 23.1% |
| 85 |
Cambodia |
17.8 | 21.9 | +4.1M | 22.9% |
| 86 |
South Africa |
64.7 | 79.2 | +14.4M | 22.3% |
| 87 |
Bangladesh |
175.7 | 214.7 | +39.0M | 22.2% |
| 88 |
Belize |
0.4 | 0.5 | +93.7K | 22.2% |
| 89 |
Australia |
27 | 32.5 | +5.5M | 20.5% |
| 90 |
Eswatini |
1.3 | 1.5 | +249K | 19.8% |
| 91 |
Lebanon |
5.8 | 7 | +1.1M | 19.7% |
| 92 |
Peru |
34.6 | 40.6 | +6.0M | 17.4% |
| 93 |
Nepal |
29.6 | 34.6 | +5.0M | 17.0% |
| 94 |
Ecuador |
18.3 | 21.3 | +3.0M | 16.7% |
| 95 |
Luxembourg |
0.7 | 0.8 | +111K | 16.3% |
| 96 |
Philippines |
116.8 | 134.4 | +17.6M | 15.1% |
| 97 |
India |
1,463.90 | 1,679.60 | +215.7M | 14.7% |
| 98 |
Suriname |
0.6 | 0.7 | +94.1K | 14.7% |
| 99 |
Canada |
40.1 | 45.6 | +5.5M | 13.7% |
| 100 |
Morocco |
38.4 | 43.4 | +5.0M | 13.0% |
| 101 |
Mexico |
131.9 | 148.9 | +17.0M | 12.9% |
| 102 |
Dominican Republic |
11.5 | 13 | +1.5M | 12.8% |
| 103 |
Ireland |
5.3 | 6 | +662K | 12.5% |
| 104 |
Guyana |
0.8 | 0.9 | +105K | 12.5% |
| 105 |
Indonesia |
285.7 | 320.7 | +35.0M | 12.2% |
| 106 |
Maldives |
0.5 | 0.6 | +60.3K | 11.4% |
| 107 |
Brunei |
0.5 | 0.5 | +53.2K | 11.4% |
| 108 |
Colombia |
53.4 | 59.4 | +6.0M | 11.2% |
| 109 |
Micronesia |
0.1 | 0.1 | +12.7K | 11.2% |
| 110 |
Bhutan |
0.8 | 0.9 | +85.7K | 10.8% |
| 111 |
Iran |
92.4 | 101.9 | +9.4M | 10.2% |
| 112 |
Cyprus |
1.4 | 1.5 | +138K | 10.0% |
| 113 |
United States |
347.3 | 380.8 | +33.6M | 9.7% |
| 114 |
New Zealand |
5.3 | 5.8 | +503K | 9.6% |
| 115 |
Venezuela |
28.5 | 31.1 | +2.6M | 9.0% |
| 116 |
Iceland |
0.4 | 0.4 | +34.7K | 8.7% |
| 117 |
United Kingdom |
69.6 | 75.5 | +6.0M | 8.6% |
| 118 |
Vietnam |
101.6 | 110 | +8.4M | 8.3% |
| 119 |
Azerbaijan |
10.4 | 11.2 | +827K | 8.0% |
| 120 |
Cabo Verde |
0.5 | 0.6 | +38.8K | 7.4% |
| 121 |
Fiji |
0.9 | 1 | +67.1K | 7.2% |
| 122 |
Liechtenstein |
0 | 0 | +2.9K | 7.2% |
| 123 |
Myanmar |
54.9 | 58.6 | +3.8M | 6.9% |
| 124 |
Sri Lanka |
23.2 | 24.8 | +1.6M | 6.8% |
| 125 |
Seychelles |
0.1 | 0.1 | +9.0K | 6.8% |
| 126 |
Tunisia |
12.3 | 13.1 | +797K | 6.5% |
| 127 |
Sweden |
10.7 | 11.3 | +653K | 6.1% |
| 128 |
Argentina |
45.9 | 48.3 | +2.5M | 5.4% |
| 129 |
Bahamas |
0.4 | 0.4 | +21.2K | 5.3% |
| 130 |
Norway |
5.6 | 5.9 | +277K | 4.9% |
| 131 |
El Salvador |
6.4 | 6.7 | +298K | 4.7% |
| 132 |
Switzerland |
9 | 9.3 | +375K | 4.2% |
| 133 |
Turkey |
87.7 | 91.3 | +3.6M | 4.1% |
| 134 |
Costa Rica |
5.2 | 5.4 | +201K | 3.9% |
| 135 |
Singapore |
5.9 | 6.1 | +211K | 3.6% |
| 136 |
Netherlands |
18.3 | 19 | +612K | 3.3% |
| 137 |
Tuvalu |
0 | 0.01 | 289 | 3.0% |
| 138 |
France |
66.7 | 68.2 | +1.6M | 2.4% |
| 139 |
Chile |
19.9 | 20.3 | +460K | 2.3% |
| 140 |
Brazil |
212.8 | 217.5 | +4.7M | 2.2% |
| 141 |
Denmark |
6 | 6.1 | +122K | 2.0% |
| 142 |
Tonga |
0.1 | 0.1 | +1.5K | 1.4% |
| 143 |
Belgium |
11.8 | 11.9 | +112K | 1.0% |
| 144 |
Antigua and Barbuda |
0.1 | 0.1 | 846 | 0.9% |
| 145 |
San Marino |
0.034 | 0.034 | 124 | 0.4% |
| 146 |
Andorra |
0.083 | 0.082 | -709 | -0.9% |
| 147 |
Malta |
0.55 | 0.54 | -9.7K | -1.8% |
| 148 |
North Korea |
26.6 | 25.8 | -784K | -3.0% |
| 149 |
Grenada |
0.12 | 0.11 | -4.1K | -3.5% |
| 150 |
Georgia |
3.8 | 3.7 | -143K | -3.7% |
| 151 |
Uruguay |
3.4 | 3.3 | -130K | -3.9% |
| 152 |
Monaco |
0.04 | 0 | -1.6K | -4.1% |
| 153 |
Dominica |
0.07 | 0.06 | -2.7K | -4.1% |
| 154 |
Austria |
9.1 | 8.7 | -389K | -4.3% |
| 155 |
Saint Lucia |
0.18 | 0.17 | -8.1K | -4.5% |
| 156 |
Finland |
5.6 | 5.4 | -272K | -4.8% |
| 157 |
Russia |
144 | 136.1 | -7.9M | -5.5% |
| 158 |
Saint Kitts and Nevis |
0.05 | 0.04 | -2.7K | -5.7% |
| 159 |
Portugal |
10.4 | 9.8 | -642K | -6.2% |
| 160 |
Spain |
47.9 | 44.9 | -3.0M | -6.2% |
| 161 |
Slovenia |
2.1 | 2 | -136K | -6.4% |
| 162 |
Barbados |
0.28 | 0.26 | -18.4K | -6.5% |
| 163 |
Germany |
84.1 | 78.3 | -5.8M | -6.9% |
| 164 |
Thailand |
71.6 | 66.4 | -5.2M | -7.3% |
| 165 |
Trinidad and Tobago |
1.5 | 1.4 | -111K | -7.4% |
| 166 |
Czechia |
10.6 | 9.8 | -784K | -7.4% |
| 167 |
Hungary |
9.6 | 8.7 | -907K | -9.4% |
| 168 |
Slovakia |
5.5 | 4.9 | -538K | -9.8% |
| 169 |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
0.1 | 0.09 | -11.0K | -11.0% |
| 170 |
China |
1,416.10 | 1,260.30 | -155.8M | -11.0% |
| 171 |
Greece |
9.9 | 8.8 | -1.1M | -11.3% |
| 172 |
Palau |
0.02 | 0.02 | -2.1K | -12.1% |
| 173 |
Italy |
59.1 | 51.9 | -7.3M | -12.3% |
| 174 |
Estonia |
1.3 | 1.2 | -170K | -12.6% |
| 175 |
South Korea |
51.7 | 45.1 | -6.5M | -12.6% |
| 176 |
Mauritius |
1.3 | 1.1 | -161K | -12.7% |
| 177 |
Jamaica |
2.8 | 2.5 | -382K | -13.5% |
| 178 |
Poland |
38.1 | 32.8 | -5.3M | -14.0% |
| 179 |
Cuba |
10.9 | 9.4 | -1.6M | -14.2% |
| 180 |
Japan |
123.1 | 105.1 | -18.0M | -14.6% |
| 181 |
Romania |
18.9 | 16 | -2.9M | -15.2% |
| 182 |
Armenia |
3 | 2.5 | -457K | -15.5% |
| 183 |
Montenegro |
0.63 | 0.53 | -99.4K | -15.7% |
| 184 |
Croatia |
3.8 | 3.2 | -614K | -16.0% |
| 185 |
North Macedonia |
1.8 | 1.5 | -301K | -16.6% |
| 186 |
Belarus |
9 | 7.5 | -1.5M | -17.2% |
| 187 |
Serbia |
6.7 | 5.5 | -1.2M | -17.3% |
| 188 |
Ukraine |
39 | 32 | -7.0M | -17.9% |
| 189 |
Latvia |
1.9 | 1.5 | -340K | -18.3% |
| 190 |
Albania |
2.8 | 2.2 | -531K | -19.2% |
| 191 |
Bulgaria |
6.7 | 5.4 | -1.3M | -19.5% |
| 192 |
Lithuania |
2.8 | 2.3 | -571K | -20.2% |
| 193 |
Moldova |
3 | 2.4 | -644K | -21.5% |
| 194 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
3.1 | 2.5 | -685K | -21.8% |
| 195 |
Marshall Islands |
0.04 | 0.03 | -11.1K | -30.6% |
All 10 of the fastest-growing sovereign states are in sub-Saharan Africa, where fertility remains high and child mortality has fallen sharply—a demographic lag that East Asia passed through decades ago.
This surge will place increasing pressure on infrastructure, education systems, and job markets, while also creating opportunities for economic expansion.
At the other end of the spectrum, several major economies are entering sustained population decline—driven by low birth rates and aging populations.
China alone is projected to lose more than 150 million people by 2050, while Japan, Italy, and Russia are also facing steep contractions. This shift could have significant implications for economic growth, labor supply, and public finances. Overall, European countries make up 11 of the 20 largest absolute declines.
Even Thailand is projected to shrink by 4.2 million people, highlighting how population decline is spreading beyond traditionally aging regions. Like many countries in East Asia, Thailand faces persistently low fertility rates (around 1.2 births per woman) and a rapidly aging population.
By mid-century, global population trends will be defined less by overall growth and more by divergence.
A small group of countries will account for the vast majority of new people, while many others shrink. This widening gap between fast-growing and shrinking populations is set to reshape migration flows, economic power, and the global workforce over the coming decades.
To learn more about this topic, check out this graphic on the countries with the most births per hour.
2026-04-23 00:37:44
Student AI use is becoming increasingly common in classrooms worldwide, reshaping how students complete assignments, conduct research, and manage workloads. New data from Adobe Digital Insights (September 2025) highlights how student AI use for schoolwork varies significantly across major economies.
This visualization, created in partnership with Adobe, highlights global trends in student AI use and marks the third post in our series on AI use in India. While usage rates remain relatively close among top countries, a clear gap is emerging between early adopters and slower-moving markets. This points to broader differences in digital readiness and education systems.
Brazil leads globally, with 11.6% of students using AI for schoolwork, closely followed by India at 11.5% and Italy at 11.1%. Canada (10.6%) and the United States (9.9%) also rank among the top adopters, showing that AI is gaining traction across both emerging and developed economies.
| Country | Student AI Use |
|---|---|
Brazil |
11.6% |
India |
11.5% |
Italy |
11.1% |
Canada |
10.6% |
United States |
9.9% |
Germany |
8.8% |
France |
7.4% |
Japan |
5.6% |
United Kingdom |
4.6% |
India is particularly notable in student AI use given its demographic advantage. With a median age of just 30, it has one of the youngest populations among major economies, helping drive faster adoption of AI study tools. School and university students across India are already using AI assistants for homework and revision, turning this youth-driven familiarity with technology into a tangible academic edge.
At the lower end of the spectrum, student AI use is notably weaker in advanced economies such as the United Kingdom (4.6%) and Japan (5.6%). These countries fall well behind the global leaders, highlighting a clear adoption gap.
Even mid-tier adopters like France (7.4%) and Germany (8.8%) lag behind top performers. This disparity may reflect stricter academic policies, slower institutional adoption, or cultural hesitancy toward AI in education. These factors could impact long-term digital competitiveness.
As student AI use grows globally, tools that bridge casual usage and focused learning will define which students stay ahead. They need purpose-built AI tools for students that turn course materials into real learning outcomes. For students in high-adoption markets like India and Brazil, the next step is turning that AI familiarity into real academic advantage.
Free AI study tools like Adobe Acrobat Student Spaces let students upload class notes and instantly generate flashcards, quizzes, study guides, and even audio summaries, turning scattered materials into a structured study hub. As AI adoption grows globally, tools that bridge casual usage and focused learning will define which students stay ahead.

Explore AI-powered Document Workflows.

India’s tech-savvy workforce is leading the world in AI adoption, fueling the next wave of economic growth.

India’s AI boom is poised to reshape its economy, with AI expected to boost productivity by between $550B and $607B by 2035.
2026-04-22 22:49:12
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Memory chip makers’ market capitalizations have surged as AI infrastructure spending reshapes the semiconductor industry.
This visualization is part of Visual Capitalist’s AI Week, sponsored by Terzo. It ranks the world’s publicly traded DRAM and NAND producers using data from CompaniesMarketCap and StockAnalysis.
The data of memory chip maker valuations shows an industry that has rebounded sharply as AI server buildouts drive memory demand higher.
The data below shows the world’s leading publicly traded memory chip makers by market cap:
| Company | Market Capitalization (Billions, USD) | Country | Memory Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Samsung | 897.3 |
South Korea |
Both (DRAM + NAND) |
| SK Hynix | 498.4 |
South Korea |
Both (DRAM + NAND) |
| Micron | 481.0 |
United States |
Both (DRAM + NAND) |
| Sandisk | 140.6 |
United States |
NAND |
| Kioxia | 106.8 |
Japan |
NAND |
| Nanya | 22.1 |
Taiwan |
DRAM |
| Winbond | 13.4 |
Taiwan |
Both (DRAM + NAND) |
| Macronix | 8.6 |
Taiwan |
NAND |
| Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing | 7.3 |
Taiwan |
DRAM |
Samsung ranks first by a wide margin, with a market capitalization of $897 billion. SK Hynix ($498B) and Micron ($481B) follow close behind, forming a clear top tier among memory producers.
Further down the ranking, Sandisk ($141B) and Kioxia ($107B) stand out as sizable second-tier players. Four Taiwanese companies round out the list, Nanya ($22B), Winbond ($13B), Macronix ($9B), and Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing ($7B).
Memory prices jumped in 2025 as suppliers kept output disciplined while AI server demand tightened supply. That combination helped lift both pricing power and investor expectations for memory producers.
Several names on the list posted especially dramatic gains. Nanya rose 560%, Sandisk climbed 559%, and Kioxia advanced 536%, while Winbond, SK Hynix, and Micron also saw major stock gains.
2026 has seen share prices continue to rise for memory makers. Samsung is already up 80% as of April 17, while SK Hynix is up 73% and Micron is up 59%.
DRAM is short-term working memory that holds the data apps need right now, but clears when power is off. NAND is long-term storage memory that keeps files and software even when a device is shut down.
Both are essential to modern computing, but AI data centers are making high-performance memory even more strategically important.
As a result, memory chip makers are increasingly tied not just to consumer electronics cycles, but also to the buildout of AI data centers.
If you enjoyed today’s post, check out Comparing Major American Chipmakers in One Chart on Voronoi.
2026-04-22 19:38:16
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Immigration is now the primary engine of U.S. population growth, and in some places, the only one.
From 2021 to 2025, over four out of every five new U.S. residents came from international migration, according to data from the Harvard University Joint Center for Housing Studies. In 14 states, immigration accounted for 100% of population gains, meaning growth would have been negative without it.
This map shows how much each state relies on immigration, revealing a divide between states gaining residents organically and those sustained almost entirely by global inflows.
In many states, population growth depends entirely on immigration.
This table shows immigration’s share of population change by state from 2021–2025. If immigration exceeds total population growth, the share is capped at 100%:
| State | Net International Immigration’s Share of Population Growth 2021–2025 |
Total Population Change 2021-2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Alaska | 100% | 4,364 |
| Connecticut | 100% | 108,853 |
| District of Columbia | 100% | 22,687 |
| Kansas | 100% | 38,946 |
| Maryland | 100% | 86,960 |
| Massachusetts | 100% | 168,764 |
| Michigan | 100% | 55,590 |
| New Jersey | 100% | 277,739 |
| New Mexico | 100% | 7,052 |
| Ohio | 100% | 101,976 |
| Oregon | 100% | 30,042 |
| Pennsylvania | 100% | 63,856 |
| Rhode Island | 100% | 18,034 |
| Vermont | 100% | 1,698 |
| Iowa | 95% | 47,306 |
| Wisconsin | 89% | 75,416 |
| Virginia | 85% | 242,804 |
| Kentucky | 83% | 98,593 |
| Minnesota | 81% | 119,843 |
| Washington | 81% | 274,208 |
| Nebraska | 74% | 54,688 |
| North Dakota | 66% | 19,746 |
| Indiana | 64% | 183,043 |
| Florida | 60% | 1,871,193 |
| Missouri | 60% | 115,467 |
| Colorado | 58% | 225,688 |
| Maine | 42% | 50,328 |
| Nevada | 42% | 165,337 |
| Georgia | 41% | 570,153 |
| Texas | 41% | 2,471,926 |
| Arizona | 37% | 437,171 |
| Alabama | 34% | 160,126 |
| New Hampshire | 33% | 36,590 |
| Oklahoma | 33% | 158,045 |
| Utah | 33% | 254,934 |
| Arkansas | 32% | 100,392 |
| North Carolina | 31% | 747,753 |
| Tennessee | 30% | 387,340 |
| Delaware | 29% | 68,062 |
| South Dakota | 27% | 47,286 |
| Wyoming | 24% | 11,084 |
| South Carolina | 20% | 438,282 |
| Idaho | 13% | 180,405 |
| Montana | 8% | 57,538 |
| California | N/A (Population Decline) | -172,499 |
| Hawaii | N/A (Population Decline) | -18,310 |
| Illinois | N/A (Population Decline) | -76,207 |
| Louisiana | N/A (Population Decline) | -33,956 |
| Mississippi | N/A (Population Decline) | -4,225 |
| New York | N/A (Population Decline) | -119,835 |
| West Virginia | N/A (Population Decline) | -25,523 |
Florida and Texas led the nation in population growth, but for different reasons. Both gained more than one million international migrants between 2021 and 2025.
But their growth drivers differ. Florida combined strong immigration with large domestic inflows, despite negative natural change. Texas saw growth across all fronts, including a strong natural increase.
This contrast highlights a broader trend. While every state recorded net international migration during this period, many also faced domestic outflows or aging populations. In fact, 25 states saw net domestic outflows, while 21 recorded more deaths than births, making immigration the decisive factor separating growth from decline.
Texas added over 691,000 people through natural growth alone, more than California and New York combined.
California highlights the imbalance: despite nearly one million international arrivals and more births than deaths, the state still saw overall population decline driven by domestic outflows.
Seven states in total lost population over this period, underscoring how internal migration can outweigh both natural change and immigration.
A sharp slowdown could reshape this map.
In 2026, U.S. immigration is expected to fall to 321,000, less than a fifth of the level seen in 2025. At the same time, natural population change is projected to remain flat.
For states highly dependent on immigration, this may mean slower growth or even population decline.
Over the past five years, six states, including Oregon and Michigan, experienced both domestic outmigration and negative natural change, leaving immigration as their primary source of growth.
States where immigration plays the largest role in population gains are also the most exposed to a slowdown, with potential ripple effects across:
As natural growth fades, migration, both domestic and international, will determine which states continue to grow and which begin to fall behind.
To learn more about this topic, check out this graphic on America’s fastest-growing states from 2025 to 2050.