2026-01-01 14:39:46
Hashicorp Vault is a flexible secret management engine. It provides several authentication and authorization mechanisms, and stores secrets that represent credentials, ciphers, or certificates. To access Vaults functionality, successful authentication is required, resulting in an access token and associated policies. These policies determine which actions on which mount paths are allowed.
This blog article details Hashicorp Vault policies. It shows how to write policies in HCL, explains the action words and paths patterns, and shows several practical examples.
The technical context of this article is hashicorp_vault_v1.21.1, released 2025-11-18. All provided information and command examples should be valid with newer versions too, baring an update of the CLI commands' syntax.
The background material for this article stems from the official Hashicorp Vault documentation about Policies and the tutorial Access controls with Vault policies.
This article originally appeared on my blog admantium.com.
Policies encode which actions, such as writing, reading or deleting, are allowed at specific mount paths of a Vault instance. Essentially, in a Vault instance, all functionality is accessible by mount paths. Both CLI commands and explicit HTTP API requests targets these paths. Policies underlie every interaction: For example, in order to create a token, the write action to path /auth/token/create is required. Any path and any action that is not part of a policy is denied.
Two built-in policies exist. The root policy provides complete access to all paths, and allows all actions. It is attached to the root token so that an administrator can setup a Vault instance initially. A complementing policy is named default. It is attached to all tokens (unless explicitly removed), and governs essential self-referential lookup and data access for the token itself.
Policies consists of a path declaration, which can be a fixed absolute path or include wildcard segments, and a list of actions. Should a token have multiple policies with overlapping path declarations, all applicable policies are resolved following the priority matching ruleset. Then, path access and targeted actions are checked, so that the access is either granted or denied.
Finally, some paths are only accessible by the root policy itself, or when the sudo action is allowed for a specific path - see the documentation about root protected API endpoints.
Hashicorp Vault policies are written in the Hashicorp Configuration Language.
In its most simple form, they consist of only two mandatory declarations: path and capabilities. Here is an example:
path "PATH" {
capabilities = ["cap"]
}
Additionally, parameters passed to the HTTP API endpoints can be set to be explicitly allowed, denied, or required.
path "PATH" {
capabilities = ["cap"]
allowed_parameters = {
"key" = ["values"]
}
denied_parameters = {
"key" = ["values"]
}
required_parameters = {
"key" = ["values"]
}
}
Finally, some HTTP API endpoints can be used for response wrapping to e.g. protect a sensible secret. When the endpoint is accessed, the data will not be returned as is, but a one-time access token to a cubbyhole secret is returned. For this API endpoint, the response wrapping validity TTLs can be specified as shown:
path "PATH" {
capabilities = ["cap"]
min_wrapping_ttl = "time"
max_wrapping_ttl = "time"
}
The path declaration can be a fixed, absolute path with multiple segments, or encompass two different wildcard symbols that match segments.
With the symbol +, one segment is covered. For example, the declaration path /auth/token/+ would allow access to /auth/token/create but not to /auth/token/create/{role_name}.
With the * symbol, any number of path segments are matched. The declaration path /auth/token/* includes any paths that have a prefix of /auth/token, and therefore access to /auth/token/create/{role_name} and auth/token/roles/{role_name} is covered.
The capabilities property is a list of action verbs. Following values can be used:
create: Add a new entity definition.read: Provide read access to an entity definition.update and patch: Rewrite an existing entity definition (there is no clear distinction about their scope in the official documentation, but the CLI command vault patch maps to the same named action)delete: Remove an entity definitionlist: Enumerate all entity definitions by their name or ID (to obtain the full details of an individual resource, the read access right is required)sudo: Provide full access to the entity, as well access to the mentioned root protected API endpoints
deny: Bar any access to the resource.Except sudo and deny, all other actions directly translate to HTTP verbs or CLI commands when performing an operation at the desired path.
This section shows three policies for managing authentication methods, managing a secrets engine, and creating orphaned tokens.
path "kv2/*"
{
capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete"]
}
path "sys/auth"
{
capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "sudo"]
}
path "sys/auth/+/tune"
{
capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "sudo"]
}
path "auth/token/create"
{
capabilities = ["create", "sudo"]
}
The secrets management tool Hashicorp Vault implements fine-grained access control with the help of policies. This blog article showed how to declare policies in the compact Hashicorp Configuration Language syntax. Essentially, they consist of two parts. First, a path declaration, which can be fixed and absolute, or flexible by including wildcard segments. Second, actions in the form of verbs such as create, delete, list, deny and sudo. Declared policies are attached to tokens, and when using a token to access a path, applicable policies are resolved and processed in priority order. Finally, this article showed three example policies for managing auth methods, configuring a defined kv v2 secrets engine, and for issuing orphaned tokens.
2026-01-01 14:36:51
🎯 Project Goal
Host multiple web applications on AWS where:
🏗️ High-Level Architecture
Developer
|
v
GitHub Repo (App1, App2, App3)
|
GitHub Actions (CI/CD)
|
|-- Test
|-- Docker Build
|-- Push to ECR
v
AWS ECR (Images)
|
AWS ECS (Fargate)
|
Application Load Balancer
|
v
End Users (HTTPS)
📁 Repository Structure
multi-app-devops/
├── app1/
│ ├── Dockerfile
│ └── src/
├── app2/
│ ├── Dockerfile
│ └── src/
├── app3/
│ ├── Dockerfile
│ └── src/
└── .github/
└── workflows/
└── deploy.yml
Each app is independent but deployed via same pipeline logic.
🔐 STEP 1: AWS ACCOUNT & IAM
Create IAM User (DevOpsUser)
Permissions:
⚠️ Create Access Key (Programmatic)
🌐 STEP 2: Networking (VPC)
📦 STEP 3: Create ECR Repositories
Create one ECR per app:
app1-ecr
app2-ecr
app3-ecr
Save:
123456789012.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/app1
🐳 STEP 4: Dockerize Applications
Example Dockerfile (Node.js / Python)
FROM node:18-alpine
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json .
RUN npm install
COPY . .
EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["npm", "start"]
Repeat per app.
⚙️ STEP 5: ECS Cluster (Fargate)
Create Service
🌍 STEP 6: Application Load Balancer
Create ALB
Listener:
HTTP → Redirect HTTPS
HTTPS → Target Groups
Path-based routing:
/app1 → app1-service
/app2 → app2-service
/app3 → app3-service
🔑 STEP 7: GitHub Secrets
In GitHub Repo → Settings → SecretsAWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
AWS_REGION
AWS_ACCOUNT_ID
ECR_REPO_APP1
ECR_REPO_APP2
🔄 STEP 8: GitHub Actions CI/CD Pipeline.github/workflows/deploy.yml
name: CI-CD Pipeline
on:
push:
branches: [ "main" ]
env:
AWS_REGION: us-east-1
jobs:
deploy:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- name: Checkout Code
uses: actions/checkout@v4
- name: Configure AWS Credentials
uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
with:
aws-access-key-id: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
aws-secret-access-key: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
aws-region: ${{ env.AWS_REGION }}
- name: Login to Amazon ECR
run: |
aws ecr get-login-password --region $AWS_REGION \
| docker login --username AWS --password-stdin \
${{ secrets.AWS_ACCOUNT_ID }}.dkr.ecr.$AWS_REGION.amazonaws.com
- name: Build & Push App1
run: |
docker build -t app1 ./app1
docker tag app1:latest ${{ secrets.ECR_REPO_APP1 }}:latest
docker push ${{ secrets.ECR_REPO_APP1 }}:latest
- name: Deploy to ECS
run: |
aws ecs update-service \
--cluster devops-cluster \
--service app1-service \
--force-new-deployment
✔ Repeat build steps for app2 & app3.
📊 STEP 9: Monitoring & Logs
Enable CloudWatch Logs in ECS Task Definition
View:
🔐 STEP 10: Security & Best Practices
✔ HTTPS using ACM
✔ IAM least privilege
✔ Secrets in GitHub (not code)
✔ Private ECR
✔ Auto-scaling
🧪 STEP 11: Testing Flow
main
2026-01-01 14:36:37
I still remember using the internet a few years ago - clicking a button, watching the whole page go blank, and waiting… sometimes way too long. Every click felt like starting over.
Today, websites feel completely different. They respond instantly. Things load smoothly. Sometimes it feels like the app already knows what I’m going to do next.
So, what changed?
Earlier websites worked in a very simple way.
You clicked a link → the entire page refreshed → the server sent a new page → the browser rebuilt everything.
Even if only one small part changed, the whole page had to reload.
That’s why it felt slow and jumpy.
Today’s websites are smarter.
Instead of refreshing the whole page, they update only the part that actually changes.
For example, when you like a post or submit a form, the rest of the page stays exactly the same.
This makes websites feel instant and smooth — almost like a mobile app.
Modern websites also remember things.
Images and data are cached so they don’t load again and again
Content loads only when you need it (lazy loading)
Background data loads silently while you’re already using the site
So even if something is still loading, the website never feels “stuck”.
Even when something takes time, modern apps show:
Skeleton screens
Subtle animations
These small details make waiting feel shorter — and that completely changes how fast a website feels.
Modern websites aren’t always faster because of better internet —
they’re faster because they’re smarter.
They do less, load smarter, and focus on user experience first.
And once you notice this…
you can never unsee it. 🚀
If you enjoy breaking down how modern web apps actually work, follow along at codingdev.in - I share simple, real-world insights on web development, performance, and building better user experiences.
2026-01-01 14:36:02
Winning clients online isn’t about flashy ads or the latest social media trends; it’s about being clear and trustworthy from the very first interaction.
In a crowded digital space, people decide within seconds whether they understand your value and if they can trust you. If your message is confusing or your brand feels uncertain, potential clients will move on.
That’s why your first step isn’t building a funnel or running an ad, it’s creating clarity. A clear message makes your value obvious and immediately builds trust with your audience.
This guide will show you how to:
Attracting clients online doesn’t have to be complicated. The key is to follow a structured process that guides potential clients from discovering your business to choosing to work with you.
Here’s a simple step-by-step approach to follow:
Before creating websites, social posts, or campaigns, you need to know who you’re talking to and why they should care.
Effective digital marketing starts with focus: a clear understanding of a specific niche and the problems you solve for them.
Not everyone is your client, and that’s okay. Narrow your focus to the people you can serve best. Ask:
Make sure your niche meets three practical criteria:
Validate your niche with surveys, interviews, and competitor research. This reduces the risk of choosing a market that’s too small or overcrowded.
Once your niche is clear, learn it thoroughly. Understand their challenges, goals, and the language they use.
Knowing your clients’ world helps you speak directly to their needs and positions you as someone who truly understands them.
Your value proposition is the answer to: Why should a client choose you?
A strong value proposition should:
Keep it clear, concrete, and free of jargon. This statement serves as the anchor for all your messaging, website, social posts, emails, and campaigns.
For example, imagine you’re building a marketing strategy for a local fitness club.
Your website and other digital touchpoints are often the first handshake with prospective clients. A confusing site or cluttered copy can quickly undermine trust.
By focusing on clarity and simplicity, you create a digital presence that communicates confidence and makes visitors feel understood.
Think of your homepage as your digital welcome mat. It should instantly answer three questions: Who do you help? How do you help them? What should they do next?
A well-structured site includes:
By anticipating questions and streamlining the journey from first click to booking, your website becomes a 24/7 salesperson that builds trust and confidence.
Social proof is one of the strongest trust signals. Display customer reviews, client success stories, and case studies that show real transformations.
Include links to third-party review sites for verification. Responding to reviews, positive or negative, demonstrates professionalism and reinforces credibility.
Clarity is kindness. Simple, plain language shows respect for your audience, reduces confusion, and makes your expertise accessible. Avoid long sentences and jargon.
A few tips for clear communication:
Hiding pricing or burying details erodes trust. Make your offers and costs easy to understand:
For service providers, including a simple “What to Expect” section helps reduce anxiety by showing the steps after a client clicks “Book” or “Buy.” Transparency builds confidence and makes it easier for clients to take the next step.
Trust isn’t earned through gimmicks—it’s built by addressing skepticism and showing credibility. Many industries carry reputations that make visitors cautious, so your goal is to remove doubt and make confidence easy.
Backing up your claims strengthens trust. This is especially important for topics like health, finance, or business results.
Clear evidence demonstrates transparency and shows that you stand behind your statements.
Transparency in pricing is crucial, but offering low-risk opportunities further builds trust.
Risk-free options reduce hesitation and encourage engagement without friction.
People trust what others say about you more than what you say yourself. Third-party signals help prove your legitimacy.
Trust is fragile, and small missteps can quickly undermine it. Many of these issues are easy to fix once you know what to look for.
Here are common trust-killing mistakes and practical ways to address them:
By proactively addressing these common pitfalls, you protect credibility, strengthen trust, and make it easier for visitors to engage with your services.
Winning clients doesn’t end when someone clicks “Contact.” Building lasting relationships requires ongoing value and consistent communication.
The goal is to show your expertise and reliability before clients even hire you.
Give your audience a way to experience your expertise. Create resources that address their challenges and provide practical guidance:
These tools let people “try on” your expertise, building trust before any direct sales conversation.
Once someone subscribes or engages, maintain the relationship with ongoing value:
Even when delivering bad news, plain and considerate communication strengthens trust: e.g., “Your order will arrive next Tuesday. We’re sorry for the delay and appreciate your patience.”
Leading with value and maintaining transparent, helpful communication turns first-time visitors into loyal clients.
Lead magnet: “5-Minute Daily Strength Routine — No Equipment Needed.”
Welcome email sequence:
Ongoing engagement: Monthly “Member Wins” newsletter with one tip + one transformation story.
In today’s crowded digital landscape, clarity and trust aren’t afterthoughts—they are the foundation for winning clients online.
Defining your niche, crafting a clear value proposition, and speaking your audience’s language help your message resonate and position you as the right choice.
A welcoming, easy-to-navigate website, written in plain language, shows respect for visitors and makes your expertise accessible.
Trust grows through transparency: clear pricing, honest testimonials, real team members, and visible third-party endorsements all signal credibility.
To avoid these trust-killing mistakes, avoid hiding social proof or creating friction during sign-up. Instead, display reviews throughout your site, offer risk-free options, and address skepticism directly.
Finally, nurture relationships by providing valuable content, staying engaged, and communicating openly. Clarity is kindness, and kindness builds the trust that turns first-time visitors into loyal clients.
2026-01-01 14:30:00
Se hai poco tempo, ecco ciò che devi ricordare sulla struttura di Google Cloud:
Un progetto non è solo un nome: ogni progetto ha tre identificatori distinti.
Quando inizi a lavorare con Google Cloud è facile perdere il controllo: progetti creati al volo, risorse sparse, permessi assegnati “al bisogno” e mai più rivisti. Il risultato? Un ambiente difficile da gestire, poco sicuro e complicato da far crescere.
Per evitare questo scenario serve comprendere un concetto fondamentale, spesso sottovalutato: la gerarchia delle risorse di Google Cloud.
Non è solo una struttura organizzativa, ma la base su cui si costruiscono sicurezza, governance e controllo dei costi.
Puoi immaginare Google Cloud come una piramide (o un albero): esiste una radice comune da cui dipendono tutti gli elementi sottostanti. Questa gerarchia è composta da quattro livelli, dal più alto al più specifico.
Nodo Organizzazione
È il livello più alto. Rappresenta l’intera azienda e costituisce il punto di partenza per la governance globale.
Cartelle (Folders)
Servono per organizzare i progetti in modo logico, ad esempio per team, dipartimento o ambiente (dev, test, prod).
Progetti
Sono i contenitori operativi: tutto ciò che fai in Google Cloud avviene all’interno di un progetto.
Risorse
Sono gli elementi concreti: VM, bucket di Cloud Storage, database, load balancer, ecc.
Il Nodo Organizzazione è la radice della gerarchia. È fondamentale perché solo con un’Organizzazione puoi usare le Cartelle, che sono essenziali in ambienti aziendali.
Questo livello è pensato per il controllo centralizzato. Qui si definiscono le regole che valgono per tutta l’azienda, ad esempio:
roles/resourcemanager.organizationAdmin)
Gestisce le policy di sicurezza a livello globale.roles/resourcemanager.projectCreator)
Decide chi è autorizzato a creare nuovi progetti.Questi ruoli vanno assegnati con molta attenzione: hanno un impatto su tutto l’ambiente cloud.
Le Cartelle sono spesso il livello più sottovalutato, ma in realtà sono l’arma segreta per mantenere ordine nel tempo.
Servono a riflettere la struttura dell’azienda nel cloud: team, dipartimenti, linee di business o ambienti.
I loro principali vantaggi sono due:
I progetti sono il centro della vita operativa in Google Cloud. Tutto ciò che fai — creare una VM, abilitare un’API, assegnare permessi — avviene sempre all’interno di un progetto.
Alcuni concetti fondamentali da ricordare:
Uno degli errori più comuni è confondere i tre identificatori di un progetto. Facciamo chiarezza.
Il vero superpotere della gerarchia di Google Cloud è questo: le policy vengono ereditate verso il basso.
In pratica:
Questo significa meno configurazioni manuali, meno errori e più controllo.
Capire la gerarchia delle risorse di Google Cloud non è teoria astratta: è la base per lavorare bene nel cloud, soprattutto in ambienti reali e aziendali.
Usando correttamente Organizzazione, Cartelle e Progetti puoi:
Se impari questo concetto presto, ti risparmierà molti problemi in futuro.
Buon lavoro sul cloud 💪
2026-01-01 14:26:39
Images and videos contain massive amounts of data—but extracting meaningful insights from them requires advanced AI systems. Computer Vision Services enable machines to interpret visual data, automate analysis, and support smarter decision-making across industries.
At Oodles, we help businesses and development teams build scalable, production-ready computer vision solutions that turn visual data into actionable intelligence.
Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence that enables systems to understand and process visual inputs such as images and videos. Using deep learning models and neural networks, computer vision systems can detect objects, recognize patterns, and analyze visual data in real time.
Common computer vision use cases include:
Building accurate and scalable vision systems is complex. Professional Computer Vision Services help teams overcome challenges like model accuracy, data labeling, and deployment at scale.
Key benefits include:
At Oodles, we provide end-to-end computer vision development:
Train and fine-tune models on domain-specific visual data.
Image & Video Analytics
Analyze live and recorded visual data for insights and automation.
Deploy and integrate models into existing applications and workflows.
Our computer vision solutions are built using modern AI frameworks and cloud infrastructure:
This ensures scalability, performance, and reliability in production environments.
Oodles delivers Computer Vision Services across industries such as:
Organizations partner with Oodles because we combine AI expertise with practical implementation:
We focus on delivering computer vision solutions that work reliably in real-world conditions.
Computer vision is no longer experimental—it’s a production-ready technology driving real business outcomes. With expert Computer Vision Services, organizations can automate visual tasks, improve accuracy, and gain insights at scale.
Build intelligent visual systems with Oodles.