2026-05-03 15:42:07
We digitize and analyze the near-universe of National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) membership records and link them to population and industrial censuses. Four findings emerge. First, as the party expanded, its membership came to resemble the broader population more closely in occupational, demographic, and religious terms. Second, SS members’ characteristics remained different: younger, more educated, and more fanatical, as measured by the display of Nazi insignia in membership portraits. Third, within communities, coworkers, and families, early membership generated hysteresis, with subsequent entrants drawn from the same groups. Finally, local increases in party membership are associated with subsequent deportations of Germany’s Jews.
That is from a new NBER working paper by
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2026-05-03 12:55:39
That is the topic of my latest Free Press column, starting with that rebranding of the sneaker company to “an AI company.” Here is one excerpt:
As an economist, I find positive-sum gambles more appealing than negative-sum gambles. Positive-sum gambles might include buying blue-chip stocks, exercising more (even if there is always risk of injury), marrying, initiating a new friendship, or trying out a new idea at work.
We collectively, as Americans, are trying out more and more of these positive-sum gambles all the time. Contrary to common reports, younger generations are accumulating wealth at roughly the same pace as older ones, and each generation as a whole has been richer than the previous one. Real, inflation-adjusted wages in the United States are higher than ever before, even if we might feel the pinch of affordability relative to our expectations.
And there’s the rub: It seems to be a feature of human nature that as good things happen we have a desire to. . . piss some parts of those gains away. Entrepreneurs will step into those slots and create new, exotic, and appealing ways for us to do so. Sports gambling can be destructive and addictive, but for a lot of people it is mostly harmless fun. Yes, you’re more likely to end up losing, but a bet on how many points LeBron James will score might make the game more exciting.
So if NewBird AI is your idea of a modest thrill, who am I to stop you? Most people who trade in such stocks are spending discretionary funds rather than their lunch money. They may be making mistakes, but they are unlikely to end up in the breadlines.
The intertwining of successive ups and downs reminds me of how many people use GLP-1 drugs. They help you lose weight, and if they work for you, they ensure your weight will not rise above a certain level. So why not eat more chocolate ice cream? The penalty for overeating is smaller, just as in an economy of generally greater affluence and security, the consequences of losing some of your money on fun but highly speculative wagers diminish.
Unfortunately, the picture is not that smooth and safe for everyone.
I expect the policy issues here will only rise in importance.
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2026-05-03 00:52:16
2. How is it that Jakarta has improved so much?
3. The Coasean perspective at Stripe.
4. Becker-Posner blog has been put back online.
6. Competition in health insurance markets.
7. A Stockholm cafe run by AI?
The post Saturday assorted links appeared first on Marginal REVOLUTION.
2026-05-02 15:38:26
Major public intellectuals and politicians have responded by arguing that children should rarely, if ever, participate in digital spaces. As a result, many schools in the US now demand that students seal their smartphones in magnetic pouches. A number of countries, including Australia, the United Kingdom and France, are even considering or have already implemented bans on social media accounts for children and teenagers.
Such restrictions, however, are not the tools of liberation we may imagine them to be.
In fact, for some children, the internet may be one of the last remaining spaces where they can grow up doing what children everywhere have evolved to do: independently play and explore with their peers.
Here is more from anthropologist Eli Stark-Elster. I would add a point. I do accept the evidence suggesting that limiting or banning cell phones in schools brings marginally better academic results. Yet the people who advocate such policies never point out that so many schools are just deadly dull and not very intellectually stimulating? Often what is on the phone is in fact more interesting and sometimes more instructive as well, even if the students do worse in terms of the standards set by the school.
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2026-05-02 12:35:38
Michael Pettis frequently claims that, by running large surpluses, China is forcing “the demand-suppressing cost of their policies onto their trading partners.” The idea here is relatively straightforward: by disincentivizing consumption within China, China’s policies are reducing domestic demand, which, ceteris paribus, reduces global demand.
The problem with this logic should be fairly obvious: ceteris is not in fact paribus. It assumes other countries passively hold their own demand fixed in response to suppressed Chinese demand. But if that were the case, we should expect to see excess unemployment in the rest of the world in response to rising Chinese surpluses.
The empirical record decisively rejects this prediction: both US and EU unemployment was falling during China Shock 1.0 (2000-08), and post-2021 we’ve seen falling unemployment in the EU and stable full-employment in the US.
Monetary policy in other countries adjusts, preventing any shortfall of demand. The more sophisticated version of this argument recognizes that it only bites if other countries are constrained by the zero lower bound (ZLB). In that case, monetary policy cannot lower interest rates to offset a fall in demand elsewhere in the world.
But reports of the death of domestic demand levers at the ZLB have been greatly exaggerated. The monetary authority can raise the inflation target, implement (NGDP or price) level targeting, use forward guidance, and open up the spigots on QE. Furthermore, fiscal policy remains an adequate tool for boosting demand.
That is from J. Zachary Mazlish, the rest of the post has separate interesting points about China shock 2.0
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2026-05-02 01:54:59
This coming Tuesday at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, here is the event information, with three others as well. With debate partner Brandon Ogbunu I will be arguing the “yes” side, science is too risk-averse. Self-recommended!
Here is the Open to Debate Substack.
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